Infant & Childhood Nutrition Flashcards
In the first two years of life, a baby’s weight increases by ___%, and their height increases by __%
- 250% weight gain
- 75% height gain
(result: taller and denser)
How does the amount of calories/kilo bodyweight change for a baby from age 0-2, and then beyond? How does this differ between the two genders?
- First couple of months ~100kcal/kilo; drops to around 80kcal/kilo by 2 years old
- Decreases then throughout the rest of childhood
- Boys have higher energy requirements than girls
Essential vs nonessential amino acids
-Essential cannot be made by the body, and hence must be obtained through the diet
- Nonessential can be made by the body
(Certified vs non-certified employees)
Approx protein g/kg daily requirements for infants, children, and then the trend beyond that
Infants: ~1.5g/kg/day
Children: ~1g/kg/day
Beyond that: trends downward
List some functions of all three macros in the body
- Protein: hormones, transport proteins, enzymes
- Fats: membrane lipid composition, meylin, brain tissue
- Carbs: fast energy source
Which are the fat-soluble vitamins?
DEAK
How do we schedule breastfeeding in the first six months of life?
- Feed on demand
- No specific schedule
At what age do we start solid foods/family meals? What kinds of foods are best?
- Solids at 6 months of age/family meals at 1 year old
- Start with iron-dense, nutrient-dense foods
Dietary Terms: Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) vs Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
- EAR is enough to meet rquirement for HALF of people of a certain age and gender
- RDI intake required to meet 97.5%
What are the three broad classes of malnutrition?
- Undernutrition
- Overnutrition
- Micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) over or undersupply
Causes of inadequate food intake in children
- Poor breastfeeding/formula dilution technique
- Absorption issues
- Comorbidies that drain energy (e.g. severe eczema)
- Disabilities that prevent food intake
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
Scrucvy (bleeding gums, diarrhoea, perifollicular haemorrhage [around hair follicles])
B12 deficiency problems
- Megaloblastic anaemia (WIT?)
- Ataxia
- Muscle weakness
Vitamin A deficiency problems
Night blindness (WIT?)
Vitamin D deficiency problems
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia
- Hypophosphataemia (why?)
1 in _ people aged 2-17 years old are classified as obese
1 in 4 (remember 2x2 grid; consultants in useless meetings
Four non-medical factors that increase rates of childhood obesity
- Low education
- Low SES
- Intellectual disability
- Indigenous children
Negative impacts of childhood obesity include…
- Cardiometabolic risk markers (hypertension, dyslipidaemia)
- Increased risk of obesity in adolescents adults
- More likely insulin resistance/T2DM
- More likely MAFLD
- More likely asthma
- More likely idiopathic intracranial hypertesion
Medical factors that increase risk of childhood obesity include
- Monogenic causes (leptin deficiency, hypothyroidism etc)
- CNS satiety abnormalities
- Medications (steroids, anti-epileptics)
- Maternal obesity
- Increased screen time/decreased active play
List three classes of factors that can complicate obesity during adolescence
- Physiological (decreased insulin sensitivity, change in body fat distribution [esp in women[)
- Psychosocial (mental health/body image)
- Behavioural (less sports, sitting still more, eating away from home)
