Neurocranium II

Question 1

anterior portion of neural tube into three divisions

Answer 1

1) hindbrain
2) midbrain
3) forebrain

Question 2

hindbrain

Answer 2

1) brainstem
- medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
2) junction between the brain and spinal cord
3) nuclei regulate respiration and heart rate
4) CN IX, X, XI, and XII

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

1) motor coordination
2) cognitive function
- temporal coordination
- planning

Question 4

pons

Answer 4

1) between cerebellum and medulla oblongata
2) origin of V, VI, VII, and VIII

Question 5

midbrain

Answer 5

1) least differentiated of the three brain divisions of the brain
2) origin of III (anterior surface) and IV (from dorsal surface)

Question 6

cerebral peduncles

Answer 6

1) major fiber pathways connecting cerebrum + forebrain with lower portion of brainstem + hindbrain
2) descending axons of upper motor neurons from cortex
3) damage to these = partial paralysis
4) CN III and IV are close to them

Question 7

corpora qudrigemina

Answer 7

1) superior colliculi
- visual tracking
- coordination of head turning and eye
2) inferior colliculi
- sound location
- focusing attention to auditory stimuli

Question 8

substantia nigra

Answer 8

1) darkly pigmented (neuromelanin) nucleus
2) dopamine
- for motor function
3) parkinson’s disease
- destruction of cells of substantia nigra
- loss of movement control

Question 9

parkinsons disease

Answer 9

1) destruction of the cells of
2) lewy bodies formation
3) loss of dopamine
- regulatory neurotransmitter for motor
4) bradykinesia
- slowing of movement
5) akinesia
- loss of movement

Question 10

thalamus

Answer 10

1) in forebrain
2) diencephalon and the prosencephalon
3) sensory relay station for all afferents except olfaction
- olfaction goes straight to the cortex near the part that forms new memories

Question 11

hypothalamus

Answer 11

1) connected to the pituitary gland
2) regulates
- body temp
- hunger
- thirst
- sexual activity
- endocrine function
- visceral motor system

Question 12

basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

Answer 12

1) deep brain structures that modulate motor activity and cognitive function
- ex. how much force you use to pick up a box
2) system depends on dopamine
3) composed of
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus

Question 13

amygdala

Answer 13

1) lies at the tail end of caudate nucleus
- but is not functionally part of the ganglia
2) almond shaped
3) emotional processing
- anger, aggression, sexuality

Question 14

hippocampus function

Answer 14

1) involved in the formation of new memories (specifically episodic memories)
2) fornix
- primary output pathway
- formation of new memories
- damage to this will cause “new” memory loss

Question 15

hippocampus structure

Answer 15

1) fornix, amygdala
2) is dragged down as the brain folds back in on itself

Question 16

alzheimers disease

Answer 16

1) beta-amyloid plaques
2) neurofibrils tangles
- inside the cells
- tau protein
3) affects cortex indiscriminately
4) Arche cortex: hippocampus
- anterograde amnesia

Question 17

cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)

Answer 17

1) composed of six layered neocortex and deep white matter
2) center of sensory input, motor output, and higher cognitive functions

Question 18

cerebrum fissures

Answer 18

1) sulcus
- fissure in the surface of the brain
2) gyrus
- ridge of cortex on surface
4) primary fissures divide brain int anatomical regions
- longitudinal cerebral fissure: separates hemispheres of

Question 19

primary fissues

Answer 19

1) central sulcus
- frontal from parietal lobe
2) lateral fissure

Question 20

cerebrum lobes

Answer 20

1) frontal
- higher cognitive function
2) parietal
3) occipital
4) temporal
- olfactory cortex
- hippocampus body
- amygdala

Question 21

insula

Answer 21

1) cortex that is buried during the folding of the brain
2) gustatory cortex
- where taste sensation is processed

Question 22

white matter in cerebrum

Answer 22

1) Myelinated axons of neurons and their supporting glia
- white due to high lipid content
- transmit electrical impulses from one region of brain to another and to/from spinal cord

Question 23

corpus callosum

Answer 23

• primary connection between hemispheres
• you can function without one: but you may have difficulties identifying objects if one sense is obscured etc.

Question 24

internal capsule

Answer 24

1) v shaped primary pathway of fibers ascending to cortex from thalamus and descending from cortex to cerebral peduncles

Question 25

gray matter

Answer 25

1) external gray matter lying on surface of brain
- cortex
2) deep gray matter
- nuclei

Question 26

cerebrum cortex

Answer 26

1) neuronal cell bodies, associated neuropil and glial cells
2) 6 layers
3) computation and transmission of information by chemical synapses

Question 27

primary motor cortex

Answer 27

1) lies along the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
- initiation of moto impulses
2) initiated execution of motor activity
3) motor output projects to contralateral side
4) mapped out somatotopically
- adjacent areas of cortex
- cortical area proportional to level of dexterity (fine motor control)

Question 28

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 28

1) postcentral gyrus
2) sense of touch
- also mapped out like motor cortex somatotopically
- cortical area is proportional to regions sensitivity
3) representation of body is primary from contralateral side
4) areas of skin with greater cortical representation have finest two point discrimination
5) phantom pain
- neuronal darwinism

Question 29

primary gustatory cotex

Answer 29

1) on the insula
- buried by other lobes

Question 30

primary auditory cortex

Answer 30

1) lateral surface of the temporal lobe

Question 31

primary olfactory cortex

Answer 31

1) medial surface of temporal lobe

Question 32

primary visual cortex

Answer 32

1) posterior aspect of occipital lobe

Question 33

language areas

Answer 33

1) primarily in the left hemispheres
- 96% of right handed
- 72% of left-handed
2) broca’s area - motor speech center in frontal lobe
- damage causes halting speech
3) wernicke’s area
- language interpretation center in temporal and parietal lobes
- damage causes words to spill out without meaningful information