Neurocranium II Flashcards
anterior portion of neural tube into three divisions
1) hindbrain
2) midbrain
3) forebrain
hindbrain
1) brainstem
- medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
2) junction between the brain and spinal cord
3) nuclei regulate respiration and heart rate
4) CN IX, X, XI, and XII
cerebellum
1) motor coordination
2) cognitive function
- temporal coordination
- planning
pons
1) between cerebellum and medulla oblongata
2) origin of V, VI, VII, and VIII
midbrain
1) least differentiated of the three brain divisions of the brain
2) origin of III (anterior surface) and IV (from dorsal surface)
cerebral peduncles
1) major fiber pathways connecting cerebrum + forebrain with lower portion of brainstem + hindbrain
2) descending axons of upper motor neurons from cortex
3) damage to these = partial paralysis
4) CN III and IV are close to them
corpora qudrigemina
1) superior colliculi
- visual tracking
- coordination of head turning and eye
2) inferior colliculi
- sound location
- focusing attention to auditory stimuli
substantia nigra
1) darkly pigmented (neuromelanin) nucleus
2) dopamine
- for motor function
3) parkinson’s disease
- destruction of cells of substantia nigra
- loss of movement control
parkinsons disease
1) destruction of the cells of
2) lewy bodies formation
3) loss of dopamine
- regulatory neurotransmitter for motor
4) bradykinesia
- slowing of movement
5) akinesia
- loss of movement
thalamus
1) in forebrain
2) diencephalon and the prosencephalon
3) sensory relay station for all afferents except olfaction
- olfaction goes straight to the cortex near the part that forms new memories
hypothalamus
1) connected to the pituitary gland
2) regulates
- body temp
- hunger
- thirst
- sexual activity
- endocrine function
- visceral motor system
basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
1) deep brain structures that modulate motor activity and cognitive function
- ex. how much force you use to pick up a box
2) system depends on dopamine
3) composed of
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
amygdala
1) lies at the tail end of caudate nucleus
- but is not functionally part of the ganglia
2) almond shaped
3) emotional processing
- anger, aggression, sexuality
hippocampus function
1) involved in the formation of new memories (specifically episodic memories)
2) fornix
- primary output pathway
- formation of new memories
- damage to this will cause “new” memory loss
hippocampus structure
1) fornix, amygdala
2) is dragged down as the brain folds back in on itself
alzheimers disease
1) beta-amyloid plaques
2) neurofibrils tangles
- inside the cells
- tau protein
3) affects cortex indiscriminately
4) Arche cortex: hippocampus
- anterograde amnesia
cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)
1) composed of six layered neocortex and deep white matter
2) center of sensory input, motor output, and higher cognitive functions
cerebrum fissures
1) sulcus
- fissure in the surface of the brain
2) gyrus
- ridge of cortex on surface
4) primary fissures divide brain int anatomical regions
- longitudinal cerebral fissure: separates hemispheres of
primary fissues
1) central sulcus
- frontal from parietal lobe
2) lateral fissure
cerebrum lobes
1) frontal
- higher cognitive function
2) parietal
3) occipital
4) temporal
- olfactory cortex
- hippocampus body
- amygdala
insula
1) cortex that is buried during the folding of the brain
2) gustatory cortex
- where taste sensation is processed
white matter in cerebrum
1) Myelinated axons of neurons and their supporting glia
- white due to high lipid content
- transmit electrical impulses from one region of brain to another and to/from spinal cord
corpus callosum
- primary connection between hemispheres
- you can function without one: but you may have difficulties identifying objects if one sense is obscured etc.
internal capsule
1) v shaped primary pathway of fibers ascending to cortex from thalamus and descending from cortex to cerebral peduncles
gray matter
1) external gray matter lying on surface of brain
- cortex
2) deep gray matter
- nuclei
cerebrum cortex
1) neuronal cell bodies, associated neuropil and glial cells
2) 6 layers
3) computation and transmission of information by chemical synapses
primary motor cortex
1) lies along the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
- initiation of moto impulses
2) initiated execution of motor activity
3) motor output projects to contralateral side
4) mapped out somatotopically
- adjacent areas of cortex
- cortical area proportional to level of dexterity (fine motor control)
primary somatosensory cortex
1) postcentral gyrus
2) sense of touch
- also mapped out like motor cortex somatotopically
- cortical area is proportional to regions sensitivity
3) representation of body is primary from contralateral side
4) areas of skin with greater cortical representation have finest two point discrimination
5) phantom pain
- neuronal darwinism
primary gustatory cotex
1) on the insula
- buried by other lobes
primary auditory cortex
1) lateral surface of the temporal lobe
primary olfactory cortex
1) medial surface of temporal lobe
primary visual cortex
1) posterior aspect of occipital lobe
language areas
1) primarily in the left hemispheres
- 96% of right handed
- 72% of left-handed
2) broca’s area - motor speech center in frontal lobe
- damage causes halting speech
3) wernicke’s area
- language interpretation center in temporal and parietal lobes
- damage causes words to spill out without meaningful information
