neuroana reviewer Flashcards
Broca’s area of the brain is responsible for the motor aspect involved in speech production.
true
Wernickes area of the brain is responsible for the language production and expression
false - language comprehension
The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF, which cushions the brain and spinal cord and helps to circulate nutrients and remove waste products.
true
subarachnoid space - space between pia and arachnoid mater
The occipital lobe is responsible for processing the auditory information received by the brain.
false - visual
The dura mater is the innermost and toughest covering of the brain.
false - pia mater
CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of the brain
true
The ventricles of the brain are connected to the subarachnoid space
true - CSF is made sa choroid plexus sa VENTRICLES, and yung subarachnoid space ay meron ring CSF. Meaning ang subarachnoid tsaka ventricles ay connected
The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum from the cerebellum
false - connects left n right hemispheres
The caudate nucleus is part of the basal ganglia and is involved in regulating movement.
true raw (pero ang alam ko caudate nucleus is for the cognitive part of emotions)
The substantia nigra is part of the limbic system involved in producing dopamine.
false - part of the basal nuclei
The pons of the brainstem is responsible for relaying sensory information and controlling movement.
true - though it is mainly for unconscious processes, sensory relay rin sya kc magpapass through ang sensory information sa brainstem para makapunta sa cerebrum
The lowest part of the medulla oblongata ends in foramina of Magendie where the initial part of the spinal cord begins.
false
Foramina of Magendie - one of the foramina in the ventricular system and links the fourth ventricle and thecisternamagna
Cisterna magna - CSF filled space located in the posterior fossa dorsal to the medulla and caudal to the cerebellum
The post central gyrus is in the parietal lobe of the brain responsible for processing motor information of the body.
false - post central gyrus is for primary sensory
The precentral gyrus is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for sensory information of the brain.
false - precentral gyrus is for primary motor
Ganglions are group of neurons that are found outside of the brain and spinal cord.
true
The thalamus is classified as a nucleus because it is located in the center of the brain.
true
The basal ganglia is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which is the body’s automatic reaction to danger
false - limbic system ata sagot here
The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system that is involved in forming new memories.
t
Damage to the reticular activating system located in the medulla oblongata can lead to loss of consciousness.
t -
reticular activating system - a network of neurons located in the brain stem, function is to “activate” the cerebral cortex and maintain consciousness
The medulla oblongata is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
t
Receptive aphasia is a consequence of the damage to this area of the brain.
Wernicke’s area
Receptive aphasia - able to speak but may not make sense (aka Wernicke’s aphasia)
Expressive aphasia is a consequence of the damage to this area of the brain
broca’s area
Expressive aphasia - partial loss of the ability to produce language (aka broca’s aphasia)
It is located in the temporal lobe of the brain and responsible for language comprehension
wernicke’s (i thot sa parietal lobe sya but ito raw sagot)
It is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for language production.
brocas
It is also called the Rolandic fissure
central
It is also called the Sylvian fissure.
lateral
It separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe
lateral - separates temporal from both parietal and frontal
Primary auditory processing is located in this fissure or sulcus.
lateral
Damage to this area will result in sensory loss such as numbness and tingling sensation.
postcentral gyrus - primary sensory area
Primary sensory processing area is located in this fissure or sulcus
central
Damage to this area will result in paralysis and weakness of the affected areas.
precentral gyrus - primary motor area
It is attached to the brainstem.
both cerebellum and cerebrum
Is involved in both sensory and motor function as well as balance, coordination and cognition
both cerebrum and cerebellum are
cerebrum - sensory and motor function
cerebellum - balance, coordination and cognition
It is a little older than the other one in terms of developmental function during growth
cerebellum
Contains the neocortex.
cerebrum
neocortex - largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up half the volume of the brain
The nerve responsible for facial sensations and chewing movements.
trigeminal
This nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for outward eye movement.
abducens
the only cranial nerve that emerges from the dorsal side of the brainstem
trochlear nerve
This nerve primarily controls the muscle of the neck and the shoulder.
accessory (spinal)
This nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance
vestibulocochlear
Responsible for vision
optic
This nerve is involved in taste and other sensations in the back of the throat
glossopharyngeal
This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscle of the tongue
hypoglossal
This nerve controls the constriction of the pupil and changes in the lens shape
oculomotor
This nerve controls the muscles of mastication or chewing
trigeminal
The smallest cranial nerve
trochlear
This nerve controls these functions to regulate the amount of light entering the eye
oculomotor
The resting potential of a neuron refers to the electrical charge across the neuron’s membrane when it is not transmitting signals
true - kc when it is NOT transmitting signals
During the resting potential, the inside of the neuron is positively charged compared to the outside.
false - inside is negative
The threshold for initiating an action potential is typically a decrease in membrane potential
false - kc its an increase, kc nga dba resting potential is -70 tas yung threshold of excitation is -55 to -65 meaning tumaas, may increase
During an action potential, sodium ions rush into the neuron, causing depolarization
true
The resting potential is primarily maintained by the activity of sodium-potassium pumps
true - kc sila yung magdedetermine if may action potential ba, if bubukas ba sial or not
Action potentials are all-or-nothing events, meaning they either occur fully or do not occur at all
t
The repolarization phase of an action potential involves the efflux of potassium ions out of the neuron
true - efflux means paglabas
Saltatory conduction is a process by which action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, speeding up signal transmission
true
The refractory period that follows an action potential ensures that the neuron cannot immediately generate another action potential
true
Hyperpolarization occurs during the after-hyperpolarization phase of an action potential, making it easier for the neuron to generate subsequent action potentials
false - from wat I know it occurs during the relative refractory period
The resting membrane potential of a neuron becomes more negative during depolarization
false - becomes more positive
The opening of voltage-gated potassium channels is responsible for repolarization
true
Hyperpolarization makes the neuron more excitable by bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold for action potential initiation
false
Sodium ions (Na+) influx (sodium ion going inside the cell) contributes to the depolarization phase
true - influx means pasok
According to the all-or-none principle, a stronger stimulus will produce a larger action potential.
false - not necessarily na larger yung action potential basta need lng umabot sa threshold level
The sodium-potassium pump is primarily responsible for repolarization
false - si potassium pump lng
During hyperpolarization, the membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting membrane potential
false - sa hyperpolarization hnd nagchachange yung potential
ang nagiging more positive is sa depolarization
According to the All-or-None Principle, action potentials can vary in size and duration based on the strength of the stimulus
false - wlang size ang action potential tsaka hnd ito meaning ng all or none principle
The influx of chloride ions (Cl-) contributes to depolarization in neurons
false - Na+
After repolarization, the membrane potential returns to the resting state without any overshooting
false
feel ko dahil sabi without any overshooting (?) eh dba sa relative refractory period meron parin nafifire na stimulus pero hnd lng ganon ka lakas to cause another action potential
Facilitation is a process in which a single presynaptic neuron enhances the firing of a postsynaptic neuron
false
- enhances firing of a presynaptic neuron ata dpt
Convergence occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons synapse onto a single postsynaptic neuron
true
Divergence refers to the phenomenon where a single presynaptic neuron sends signals to multiple postsynaptic neurons
true
Lateral inhibition is a process in which the activity of one neuron suppresses the activity of adjacent neurons
true
Convergence and divergence are mutually exclusive processes and do not occur simultaneously in neural circuits
false
- sa ppt yung image na ginamit ni maam yung convergence and divergence occured simultaneously meaning puwede sya manyari ng sabay
In lateral inhibition, the inhibited neurons send inhibitory signals to the stimulating neuron
false - the inhibited neurons do not send the signals kc ng inhibited na sila
Facilitation and inhibition are two independent processes that do not influence each other in neural circuits
false - idk this pero okay
Divergence is a common feature in sensory pathways, allowing information from a sensory receptor to be transmitted to multiple areas in the central nervous system.
true - okay noted
Lateral inhibition is a mechanism that enhances the contrast between activated and neighboring inactive neurons, contributing to sensory perception
true
Convergence is more commonly observed in motor pathways, allowing for precise control of muscle movements
false
- di ko sure pero i think divergence is more common sa motor pathways tas convergence more common sa sensory pathways
Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction
true
Dopamine plays a crucial role in regulating mood and pleasure
true
Serotonin is exclusively found in the brain and not in any other part of the body
false
- 90% of serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract
- Only about 10% is produced in your brain
source: Google
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
true
Norepinephrine is also known as adrenaline and acts as an antidepressant neurotransmitter
false - norepinephrine is also known as noradrenaline pero true yung sa antidepressant
Endorphins are neurotransmitters that act as anti-inflammatory effecting chemical and decrease the feeling of fear and anxiety
false - GABA yung sa decrease anxiety
Glutamate is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
false - glutamate is an excitatory nt
Acetylcholine dysfunction is associated with Alzheimer’s disease
true
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
true
- monoamine oxidase is responsible for degredation of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (yung mga both excitatory and inhibitory) in the CNS
The release of neurotransmitters occurs through exocytosis, where vesicles fuse with the cell membrane
true - exocytosis is yung paglabas ng thingz by the vesicles fussing with the cell membrane para lumabas
Nitric oxide is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of blood flow.
true
- Nitric oxide (NO) works as a retrograde neurotransmitter in synapses, allows the brain blood flow and also has important roles in intracellular signaling in neurons from the regulation of the neuronal metabolic status to the dendritic spine growth
source: Google
Excitatory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential.
false - increase
The blood-brain barrier selectively allows all neurotransmitters to pass freely between the bloodstream and the brain.
false - idk kung ano sagot dto kc nung ginoogle ko blood-brain barrier nmn lumabas
blood-brain barrier - a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances
Endocannabinoids are neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors in the brain
true - googled it did not find an answer
Neuropeptides are a type of neurotransmitter that typically acts very fast and with short effects
false - neuropeptides act slow with long term effects
ang fast acting with short effects is neurotransmitters ata
Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter associated with social bonding and trust
true - love hormone
Histamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation.
true - kaya is inaattack ka ng allergic reaction, iinon ka ng ANTI-HISTAMINE. Kc ang effect ng histamine is cinoclose niya yung airway mo
Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness and alertness
false
- Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and histamine promote wakefulness
- Others, including adenosine, serotonin, and ƴ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), promote sleep
The time during which a neuron is unable to respond to any stimuli, no matter how strong
ARP
Neurotransmitter reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron
true
Excitotoxicity is a condition where excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters leads to damage and cell death
true
A phase of inactivity after an action potential, ensuring that the neuron cannot immediately generate another action potential
ARP
The process where a neuron receives multiple signals from the same presynaptic neuron in rapid succession, leading to the summation of postsynaptic potentials
TEMPORAL SUM
A period during which a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate a new action potential, but it requires more depolarization than usual
RRP
The process where a neuron integrates signals from multiple presynaptic neurons, determining whether an action potential will be generated
SPATIAL SUM
The result of multiple EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) or IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) occurring in quick succession
SPATIAL
