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1st yr > neuroana reviewer > Flashcards

neuroana reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

Broca’s area of the brain is responsible for the motor aspect involved in speech production.

A

true

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2
Q

Wernickes area of the brain is responsible for the language production and expression

A

false - language comprehension

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3
Q

The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF, which cushions the brain and spinal cord and helps to circulate nutrients and remove waste products.

A

true

subarachnoid space - space between pia and arachnoid mater

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3
Q

The occipital lobe is responsible for processing the auditory information received by the brain.

A

false - visual

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4
Q

The dura mater is the innermost and toughest covering of the brain.

A

false - pia mater

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5
Q

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of the brain

A

true

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6
Q

The ventricles of the brain are connected to the subarachnoid space

A

true - CSF is made sa choroid plexus sa VENTRICLES, and yung subarachnoid space ay meron ring CSF. Meaning ang subarachnoid tsaka ventricles ay connected

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7
Q

The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

false - connects left n right hemispheres

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8
Q

The caudate nucleus is part of the basal ganglia and is involved in regulating movement.

A

true raw (pero ang alam ko caudate nucleus is for the cognitive part of emotions)

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9
Q

The substantia nigra is part of the limbic system involved in producing dopamine.

A

false - part of the basal nuclei

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10
Q

The pons of the brainstem is responsible for relaying sensory information and controlling movement.

A

true - though it is mainly for unconscious processes, sensory relay rin sya kc magpapass through ang sensory information sa brainstem para makapunta sa cerebrum

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11
Q

The lowest part of the medulla oblongata ends in foramina of Magendie where the initial part of the spinal cord begins.

A

false

Foramina of Magendie - one of the foramina in the ventricular system and links the fourth ventricle and thecisternamagna

Cisterna magna - CSF filled space located in the posterior fossa dorsal to the medulla and caudal to the cerebellum

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12
Q

The post central gyrus is in the parietal lobe of the brain responsible for processing motor information of the body.

A

false - post central gyrus is for primary sensory

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13
Q

The precentral gyrus is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for sensory information of the brain.

A

false - precentral gyrus is for primary motor

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14
Q

Ganglions are group of neurons that are found outside of the brain and spinal cord.

A

true

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15
Q

The thalamus is classified as a nucleus because it is located in the center of the brain.

A

true

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16
Q

The basal ganglia is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which is the body’s automatic reaction to danger

A

false - limbic system ata sagot here

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17
Q

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system that is involved in forming new memories.

A

t

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18
Q

Damage to the reticular activating system located in the medulla oblongata can lead to loss of consciousness.

A

t -
reticular activating system - a network of neurons located in the brain stem, function is to “activate” the cerebral cortex and maintain consciousness

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19
Q

The medulla oblongata is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

A

t

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20
Q

Receptive aphasia is a consequence of the damage to this area of the brain.

A

Wernicke’s area

Receptive aphasia - able to speak but may not make sense (aka Wernicke’s aphasia)

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21
Q

Expressive aphasia is a consequence of the damage to this area of the brain

A

broca’s area

Expressive aphasia - partial loss of the ability to produce language (aka broca’s aphasia)

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22
Q

It is located in the temporal lobe of the brain and responsible for language comprehension

A

wernicke’s (i thot sa parietal lobe sya but ito raw sagot)

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23
Q

It is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for language production.

A

brocas

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24
Q

It is also called the Rolandic fissure

A

central

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25
Q

It is also called the Sylvian fissure.

A

lateral

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26
Q

It separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

lateral - separates temporal from both parietal and frontal

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27
Q

Primary auditory processing is located in this fissure or sulcus.

A

lateral

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28
Q

Damage to this area will result in sensory loss such as numbness and tingling sensation.

A

postcentral gyrus - primary sensory area

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28
Q

Primary sensory processing area is located in this fissure or sulcus

A

central

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29
Q

Damage to this area will result in paralysis and weakness of the affected areas.

A

precentral gyrus - primary motor area

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30
Q

It is attached to the brainstem.

A

both cerebellum and cerebrum

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31
Q

Is involved in both sensory and motor function as well as balance, coordination and cognition

A

both cerebrum and cerebellum are

cerebrum - sensory and motor function
cerebellum - balance, coordination and cognition

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31
Q

It is a little older than the other one in terms of developmental function during growth

A

cerebellum

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31
Q

Contains the neocortex.

A

cerebrum

neocortex - largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up half the volume of the brain

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32
Q

The nerve responsible for facial sensations and chewing movements.

A

trigeminal

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33
Q

This nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for outward eye movement.

A

abducens

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34
Q

the only cranial nerve that emerges from the dorsal side of the brainstem

A

trochlear nerve

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35
Q

This nerve primarily controls the muscle of the neck and the shoulder.

A

accessory (spinal)

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36
Q

This nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance

A

vestibulocochlear

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36
Q

Responsible for vision

A

optic

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37
Q

This nerve is involved in taste and other sensations in the back of the throat

A

glossopharyngeal

38
Q

This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscle of the tongue

A

hypoglossal

39
Q

This nerve controls the constriction of the pupil and changes in the lens shape

A

oculomotor

39
Q

This nerve controls the muscles of mastication or chewing

A

trigeminal

39
Q

The smallest cranial nerve

A

trochlear

40
Q

This nerve controls these functions to regulate the amount of light entering the eye

A

oculomotor

41
Q

The resting potential of a neuron refers to the electrical charge across the neuron’s membrane when it is not transmitting signals

A

true - kc when it is NOT transmitting signals

42
Q

During the resting potential, the inside of the neuron is positively charged compared to the outside.

A

false - inside is negative

43
Q

The threshold for initiating an action potential is typically a decrease in membrane potential

A

false - kc its an increase, kc nga dba resting potential is -70 tas yung threshold of excitation is -55 to -65 meaning tumaas, may increase

43
Q

During an action potential, sodium ions rush into the neuron, causing depolarization

A

true

44
Q

The resting potential is primarily maintained by the activity of sodium-potassium pumps

A

true - kc sila yung magdedetermine if may action potential ba, if bubukas ba sial or not

44
Q

Action potentials are all-or-nothing events, meaning they either occur fully or do not occur at all

A

t

45
Q

The repolarization phase of an action potential involves the efflux of potassium ions out of the neuron

A

true - efflux means paglabas

45
Q

Saltatory conduction is a process by which action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons, speeding up signal transmission

A

true

46
Q

The refractory period that follows an action potential ensures that the neuron cannot immediately generate another action potential

A

true

47
Q

Hyperpolarization occurs during the after-hyperpolarization phase of an action potential, making it easier for the neuron to generate subsequent action potentials

A

false - from wat I know it occurs during the relative refractory period

48
Q

The resting membrane potential of a neuron becomes more negative during depolarization

A

false - becomes more positive

49
Q

The opening of voltage-gated potassium channels is responsible for repolarization

A

true

49
Q

Hyperpolarization makes the neuron more excitable by bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold for action potential initiation

A

false

50
Q

Sodium ions (Na+) influx (sodium ion going inside the cell) contributes to the depolarization phase

A

true - influx means pasok

50
Q

According to the all-or-none principle, a stronger stimulus will produce a larger action potential.

A

false - not necessarily na larger yung action potential basta need lng umabot sa threshold level

51
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is primarily responsible for repolarization

A

false - si potassium pump lng

52
Q

During hyperpolarization, the membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting membrane potential

A

false - sa hyperpolarization hnd nagchachange yung potential
ang nagiging more positive is sa depolarization

53
Q

According to the All-or-None Principle, action potentials can vary in size and duration based on the strength of the stimulus

A

false - wlang size ang action potential tsaka hnd ito meaning ng all or none principle

54
Q

The influx of chloride ions (Cl-) contributes to depolarization in neurons

A

false - Na+

54
Q

After repolarization, the membrane potential returns to the resting state without any overshooting

A

false

feel ko dahil sabi without any overshooting (?) eh dba sa relative refractory period meron parin nafifire na stimulus pero hnd lng ganon ka lakas to cause another action potential

54
Q

Facilitation is a process in which a single presynaptic neuron enhances the firing of a postsynaptic neuron

A

false
- enhances firing of a presynaptic neuron ata dpt

54
Q

Convergence occurs when multiple presynaptic neurons synapse onto a single postsynaptic neuron

A

true

54
Q

Divergence refers to the phenomenon where a single presynaptic neuron sends signals to multiple postsynaptic neurons

A

true

55
Q

Lateral inhibition is a process in which the activity of one neuron suppresses the activity of adjacent neurons

A

true

55
Q

Convergence and divergence are mutually exclusive processes and do not occur simultaneously in neural circuits

A

false
- sa ppt yung image na ginamit ni maam yung convergence and divergence occured simultaneously meaning puwede sya manyari ng sabay

56
Q

In lateral inhibition, the inhibited neurons send inhibitory signals to the stimulating neuron

A

false - the inhibited neurons do not send the signals kc ng inhibited na sila

57
Q

Facilitation and inhibition are two independent processes that do not influence each other in neural circuits

A

false - idk this pero okay

58
Q

Divergence is a common feature in sensory pathways, allowing information from a sensory receptor to be transmitted to multiple areas in the central nervous system.

A

true - okay noted

59
Q

Lateral inhibition is a mechanism that enhances the contrast between activated and neighboring inactive neurons, contributing to sensory perception

A

true

60
Q

Convergence is more commonly observed in motor pathways, allowing for precise control of muscle movements

A

false
- di ko sure pero i think divergence is more common sa motor pathways tas convergence more common sa sensory pathways

61
Q

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction

A

true

61
Q

Dopamine plays a crucial role in regulating mood and pleasure

A

true

62
Q

Serotonin is exclusively found in the brain and not in any other part of the body

A

false
- 90% of serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract
- Only about 10% is produced in your brain
source: Google

63
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A

true

64
Q

Norepinephrine is also known as adrenaline and acts as an antidepressant neurotransmitter

A

false - norepinephrine is also known as noradrenaline pero true yung sa antidepressant

65
Q

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that act as anti-inflammatory effecting chemical and decrease the feeling of fear and anxiety

A

false - GABA yung sa decrease anxiety

66
Q

Glutamate is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

A

false - glutamate is an excitatory nt

67
Q

Acetylcholine dysfunction is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

true

68
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.

A

true
- monoamine oxidase is responsible for degredation of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (yung mga both excitatory and inhibitory) in the CNS

68
Q

The release of neurotransmitters occurs through exocytosis, where vesicles fuse with the cell membrane

A

true - exocytosis is yung paglabas ng thingz by the vesicles fussing with the cell membrane para lumabas

69
Q

Nitric oxide is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of blood flow.

A

true

  • Nitric oxide (NO) works as a retrograde neurotransmitter in synapses, allows the brain blood flow and also has important roles in intracellular signaling in neurons from the regulation of the neuronal metabolic status to the dendritic spine growth

source: Google

70
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing an action potential.

A

false - increase

71
Q

The blood-brain barrier selectively allows all neurotransmitters to pass freely between the bloodstream and the brain.

A

false - idk kung ano sagot dto kc nung ginoogle ko blood-brain barrier nmn lumabas

blood-brain barrier - a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances

72
Q

Endocannabinoids are neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors in the brain

A

true - googled it did not find an answer

73
Q

Neuropeptides are a type of neurotransmitter that typically acts very fast and with short effects

A

false - neuropeptides act slow with long term effects

ang fast acting with short effects is neurotransmitters ata

73
Q

Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter associated with social bonding and trust

A

true - love hormone

73
Q

Histamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation.

A

true - kaya is inaattack ka ng allergic reaction, iinon ka ng ANTI-HISTAMINE. Kc ang effect ng histamine is cinoclose niya yung airway mo

73
Q

Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness and alertness

A

false

  • Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and histamine promote wakefulness
  • Others, including adenosine, serotonin, and ƴ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), promote sleep
74
Q

The time during which a neuron is unable to respond to any stimuli, no matter how strong

A

ARP

74
Q

Neurotransmitter reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron

A

true

74
Q

Excitotoxicity is a condition where excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters leads to damage and cell death

A

true

75
Q

A phase of inactivity after an action potential, ensuring that the neuron cannot immediately generate another action potential

A

ARP

75
Q

The process where a neuron receives multiple signals from the same presynaptic neuron in rapid succession, leading to the summation of postsynaptic potentials

A

TEMPORAL SUM

75
Q

A period during which a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate a new action potential, but it requires more depolarization than usual

A

RRP

76
Q

The process where a neuron integrates signals from multiple presynaptic neurons, determining whether an action potential will be generated

A

SPATIAL SUM

77
Q

The result of multiple EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) or IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) occurring in quick succession

A

SPATIAL

1st yr (10 decks)

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