itp motivation n emotion Flashcards
Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
motivation
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate or external to the person
Extrinsic motivation
Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
Intrinsic motivation
biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
Instincts
instincts are mainly descriptions not explanations
old approach of instinct
Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from internal drives to push the organism to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension and arousal
Drive-reduction theory
requirement of some material that is essential for survival of the organism
need
Reduces drive and tension
need
drives that involve needs of the body for survival
Primary drives
drives that are learned through experience or conditioning (need for money or social approval)
Acquired (secondary) drives
Body maintains balance in its physical states
Homeostasis
David McClelland’s 3 Motivational Needs
need for affiliation, power, and achievement
The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
Need for affiliation
Need to have control or influence over others
need for power
Involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, both realistic and challenging
Need for achievement
Carol Dweck’s Self Theory of Motivation
growth mindset & fixed mindset
Belief in control over one’s life leads to more attempts to achieve
Growth mindset
In control of their decision making and what they need to do in life
Growth mindset
Motivated to do something for themselves
Growth mindset
Belief in little control over what happens may lead to learned helplessness
Fixed mindset
Individuals perform tasks best at an optimal level of cognitive arousal, often a somewhat moderate level
Arousal Theory and Behavior
Individuals may be motivated to engage in behaviors that are stimulating and at other times pursue less-stimulating circumstances
Arousal Theory and Behavior
Driven to arousal for optimal level of performance
Arousal Theory and Behavior
Low level of arousal
no urge to do something
appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation (ex: curiosity
Stimulus motive
someone who needs more arousal than the average person
Sensation seeker
Clark Hall
Incentive Theory of Motivation
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Arousal theory
High levels of arousal
sensation seeker
Hebb (1955)
Arousal Theory and Behavior
Self Theory of Motivation
Carol Dweck
3 Motivational Needs
David McClelland
things that attract or lure people into action
Incentives
People are driven by incentives or reinforcement or achieve something that is external in nature
Incentive Theory of Motivation
theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
Incentive approaches
Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
Going to a higher level after finishing a level. Primary needs must be met before high levels can be met
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
People are motivated depending on their level of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
Self-actualization
times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
Peak experiences
feeling of being in control to direct one’s action
Autonomy
Theory of human motivation in which social context of an action influences the type of motivation existing for the action
Self-determination Theory
Self-determination Theory
Edward Dicic and Richard Ryan
Self-determination Theory 3 basic needs
autonomy
competence
relatedness
having a sense of belonging and attachment with others
Relatedness
gaining mastery of a task or skill to help achieve one’s goal
Competence
involved in eating initiation and cessation
LH and VMH
tells us to stop eating
Ventromedial hypothalamus
partof brain detect that you are hungry. Starve
Lateral hypothalamus
Control the level of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Insulin
decreases glucose levels resulting in hunger
Insulin
Control the level of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
Glucagon
increases glucose levels which leads to fullness
Glucagon
Signals the hypothalamus that the body has enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of satiety
Leptin
high levels of leptin will result in
fullness
Hunger hormone
Ghrelin
high levels of ghrelin will result in
hunger
high levels of glucose will result in
fullness and an increase of insulin levels
rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
Basal metabolic rate
low glucose levels will result in
hunger
food rich in carbs will result in
insulin levels increasing
particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
Weight set point
Social Components of Hunger
social cues
cultural customs and preferences
comfort device and escape from unpleasantness
body weight of 20% or more over the ideal (based on height). Impacted by genetics, overeating, exercise, and changes in metabolism
Obesity
Contributions to Obesity
Heredity
Hormones
Overeating
Stress
Metabolism
starving yourself
Anorexia nervosa
forced vomiting
Bulimia nervosa
Feeling aspect of consciousness
Emotions
Characterized by physical arousal, behavior, and inner awareness of feelings
Emotions
Behavior of emotion
Emotional expression
important in emotion processing and expression
amygdala
Facial expressions of primary emotions are
universal
learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings
Display rules
Subjective experience of emotion
Labeling emotion
From thalamus to amygdala
“Low Road”
allowing quick responses to the stimulus (instinct & reflex)
“Low Road”
From thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala
“High Road”
Allows us to recognize the threat and take more conscious control of our emotional responses
“High Road”
6 universal facial expressions
anger
joy
fear
surprise
disgust
sadness
genuine smile
Zygomaticus major - lifts the corner of the lips
Orbicularis oculi - cheeks
Duchenne Smile
Sees a lion → scared face expression (arousal + facial expression) → cognitive interpretation of the facial expression → “SHET MY LION!!”
Facial Feedback Theory
underlying principles that guide us to make decisions either consciously or unconsciously to express or not
Emotional display rules
May quiz sa devpsych (stimulus) → malungkot ako dahil sa quiz (stimulus triggers an emotion) → nanginginig ka at umiyak (lead to physiological responses)
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
Nakita mo si crush (stimulus) → kinilig ka and tumibok puso mo (bodily arousal) → “Tangina in love na ko” (interpretation of emotion)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
May holdaper (stimulus) → bumilis heart rate mo and kinakabahan habang natatakot ka (arousal + interpretation at the same time)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Anger dog barking (stimulus) → “walang tali yung dog meaning delikado ito” (appraisal of threat) → takot na ko kaya takbo
Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion (aka 2 factor theory)
Sees a wild bear (stimulus) → bumilis yung heart mo → “Bumibilis heart ko, bat bumilibilis heart ko? Kasi may wild bear!” (labeling) → nakot na ako kc delikado
Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory
