i2p 2 Flashcards by Sofie Dy

Sensory receptors still respond to stimulus

Habituation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One object blocks another object, then the blocked object is behind the first one and farther away

Interposition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Difference threshold is constant proportion of specific stimulus

Weber’s law (Ernst Weber)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

process of converting outside stimuli into neural activity

Transduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchaining information

Habituation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stimulated by the different energy (light, vibrations, pressure, tempt, chemical substances)

Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

different pitch are caused by stimulation of hair cells in the cochlea. Good for high pitch

Place theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Continuous exposure
Affects sensory receptors
Occurs involuntarily and unconsciously
Related to stimulus intensity
Occurs in the brain

Sensory adaptation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

frequencies from 400 hertz to 4000 hertz cause hair cells to fire a volley pattern (take turns). Neural cells alternate firing in rapid succession to achieve a combined frequency

Volley principle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

common area = same group

Common region

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Repeated exposures
Leads to reduced response
Can be controlled consciously
Not closely related to stimulus intensity
Occurs in the body

Habituation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Difference threshold

Just noticeable difference (JND)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Area in the retina where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve

Blind spot

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

awareness of an unknown object or even

Clairvoyance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Perceive objects as existing on a background

Figure-ground relationships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

people think that the stimuli is present when in fact it is not

hallucinations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Unchanging information from the sensory receptors is effectively ignore

Sensory adaptation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

Sensory adaptation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tympanic membrane - eardrum
Oval window - covers the opening of inner ear
3 ossicles - vibrate to amplify the vibration from eardrum
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup

middle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 cones: Red, Blue, Green

Trichromatic theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rotation or movement of the two eyes

Convergence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

brightness of an object is the same regardless of when the light conditions change

brightness constancy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

illusion: think it is moving when not

Apparent movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

illusion: apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence (christmas lights na gumagalaw si santa at rudolf)

Phi phenomenon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

measured in cycles or waves per second (hertz)

Frequency

Protanopia

red cones not working

Smaller objects to be perceived as farther away

Relative size

people who are blind to either red-green or blue-yellow

Dichromats

objects that are connected overrides both elements of similarity and proximity

Element connectedness

Each eye sees a slightly different image of the object

Binocular disparity

Vestibular organ/ semicircular canals Cochlea - process auditory stimuli

inner ear

Illusions that does not correspond to reality

Perceptual Illusions

sound heard is replicated by the same amount of nerve impulses that are then transmitted to the brain. Good for low pitch

Frequency theory

Responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light

Rods

Lines come together at a far distance

Linear perspective

Damage to the inner ear and to the auditory pathways in brain

Nerve hearing impairment

Light bends due to the disparities in densities of two materials

Refraction

auditory nerve cells

hair cells

Perception that occurs independently of the known sensory process

Extra Sensory Perception

disc that changes shape to bring focus

Lens

Smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time it is present

Just noticeable difference (JND)

people who see no color at all, only shades of light and dark

Monochromats

foreknowledge of future events

Precognition

Visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color

Opponent-process theory

Responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

Cones

Something that is a farther away the hazier it will appear due to the particles in the air

Aerial or atmospheric perspective

knowledge of someone else’s thoughts

Telepathy

process auditory stimuli

cochlea

Perceive things that look similar as part of the same group

similarity

Sound cannot be passed from eardrum to cochlea

Conduction of hearing impairment

Method by which sensations are interpreted and organized in meaningful fashion

perception

irreversible figures are visual illusions which the figure and ground can be reversed. T/F

F; Reversible

Nearsightedness

myopia

tied to a lack of blue cone cells

Tritanopia

students wear the same uniform as part of the same college

similarity

color perception is limited to combinations of two cones or colors

Color blindness

Illusions is influenced by our past experiences. T/F

Perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

Contiguity

illusions: two lines one appearing longer than the other but really same lng

Muller-Lyer Illusion

unit of measurement for loudness

Decibel

illusion: perceived motion of a single object (stare at light sasakit yung eye so magtwitwitch sya almost tas gagalaw yung image or thing)

Autokinetic effect

Farsightedness

hyperopia

condition where signals are processed differently resulting in information being interpreted as more than one sensation

Synesthesia

Perceive things as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken-up pattern

Continuity

bend incoming light so that image can be focused on retina

Cornea

Process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated turning stimuli into neural signals in the brain

Sensation

Inside the a moving car, grass n trees near is moving by fast while mountain sa likod is moving slowly

Motion parallax

distorted perception of a stimuli that is really there

Illusion

Blind spot

optic disc

perceiving that size is constant regardless of distance

size constancy

Pinna - auricle, visible part of ear Auditory canal - ear canal

outer ear

mental movement of things without physical contact

Telekinesis

visual pathways to the brain

Optic nerve Optic chiasma - cross Optic tracts LGN of thalamus Optic radiation Occipital lobe

caused by deficient functioning of green cone cells

Deuteranopia

Yung pebbles gets finer they are further away

Texture gradient

illusion: created by a rapid series of still pictures (stop motion)

Stroboscopic motion

images occur when visual sensation persists a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

Afterimages

Complete figures that are incomplete

closure

illusion: visual context affect the surrounding objects, isip mo malaki kc tabi niya maliit pero di nmn pala

Ebbinghaus Illusion

innermost layer of eye, light is converted into nerve impulses and has photoreceptor cells

Retina

Perceive objects that are close together as part of the same grouping

proximity

psychological experience of sound that corresponds to frequency of soundwaves

Pitch

lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time (Gustav Fechner)

Absolute threshold

Lens changes its shape from thick to think to focus objects that are far away

Visual accommodation

Shorter wavelength = higher frequency = higher pitch

Longer wavelength = shorter frequency = lower pitch

constancy: shape of car is the same regardless of the angel

shape constancy

illusion: influenced by past experiences, think na rectangle yung room but really trapezoid

Ames Room Illusion

Notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our level of awareness

Subliminal Perception

3 properties of sound

Pitch - frequency Amplitude - volume Timbre - richness in the tone

Area in the retina where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve Insensitive to light

Blind spot

Movement, gravity, balance sense Equilibrium

Vestibular sense

Provide info about speed and direction

Kinesthetic sense

Stretch receptors

sense muscle stretch and contraction

Golgi tendon organs

sense movement of tendon

Awareness of where the body and body parts are

Proprioception

Respond to changes in pressure

Pacinian corpuscles

pain in organs

Visceral pain

Pain in skin muscles tendons joints

Somatic pain

inability to feel pain

Congenital analgesia

Affect neural pathways that carry pain, heat, and cold sensations Unable to cool off the body by sweating due to disrupted body’s heat-cold sensing perspiration system (anhidrosis) Inability to regulate body temp

ongenital insensitivity to pain and with anhidrosis (CIPA)

Body senses consisting of skin senses, kinesthetic sense, and vestibular

Somesthetic sense

Olfactory receptor cells

Cillia

Above the sinus cavity and receive info from receptor

Olfactory bulb

Ability to smell

Olfaction

Anterior insula and frontal operculum

Gustatory cortex

Composed of small cells that send signals to the brain when stimulated by molecules of food

Taste buds