i2p 2 Flashcards
Sensory receptors still respond to stimulus
Habituation
One object blocks another object, then the blocked object is behind the first one and farther away
Interposition
Difference threshold is constant proportion of specific stimulus
Weber’s law (Ernst Weber)
process of converting outside stimuli into neural activity
Transduction
Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchaining information
Habituation
Stimulated by the different energy (light, vibrations, pressure, tempt, chemical substances)
Sensory receptors
different pitch are caused by stimulation of hair cells in the cochlea. Good for high pitch
Place theory
Continuous exposure
Affects sensory receptors
Occurs involuntarily and unconsciously
Related to stimulus intensity
Occurs in the brain
Sensory adaptation
frequencies from 400 hertz to 4000 hertz cause hair cells to fire a volley pattern (take turns). Neural cells alternate firing in rapid succession to achieve a combined frequency
Volley principle
common area = same group
Common region
Repeated exposures
Leads to reduced response
Can be controlled consciously
Not closely related to stimulus intensity
Occurs in the body
Habituation
Difference threshold
Just noticeable difference (JND)
Area in the retina where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve
Blind spot
awareness of an unknown object or even
Clairvoyance
Perceive objects as existing on a background
Figure-ground relationships
people think that the stimuli is present when in fact it is not
hallucinations
Unchanging information from the sensory receptors is effectively ignore
Sensory adaptation
Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
Sensory adaptation
Tympanic membrane - eardrum
Oval window - covers the opening of inner ear
3 ossicles - vibrate to amplify the vibration from eardrum
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
middle
3 cones: Red, Blue, Green
Trichromatic theory
Rotation or movement of the two eyes
Convergence
brightness of an object is the same regardless of when the light conditions change
brightness constancy
illusion: think it is moving when not
Apparent movement
illusion: apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence (christmas lights na gumagalaw si santa at rudolf)
Phi phenomenon
measured in cycles or waves per second (hertz)
Frequency
Protanopia
red cones not working
Smaller objects to be perceived as farther away
Relative size
people who are blind to either red-green or blue-yellow
Dichromats
objects that are connected overrides both elements of similarity and proximity
Element connectedness
Each eye sees a slightly different image of the object
Binocular disparity
Vestibular organ/ semicircular canals
Cochlea - process auditory stimuli
inner ear
Illusions that does not correspond to reality
Perceptual Illusions
sound heard is replicated by the same amount of nerve impulses that are then transmitted to the brain. Good for low pitch
Frequency theory
Responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light
Rods
Lines come together at a far distance
Linear perspective
Damage to the inner ear and to the auditory pathways in brain
Nerve hearing impairment
Light bends due to the disparities in densities of two materials
Refraction
auditory nerve cells
hair cells
Perception that occurs independently of the known sensory process
Extra Sensory Perception
disc that changes shape to bring focus
Lens
Smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time it is present
Just noticeable difference (JND)
people who see no color at all, only shades of light and dark
Monochromats
foreknowledge of future events
Precognition
Visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color
Opponent-process theory
Responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision
Cones
Something that is a farther away the hazier it will appear due to the particles in the air
Aerial or atmospheric perspective
knowledge of someone else’s thoughts
Telepathy
process auditory stimuli
cochlea
Perceive things that look similar as part of the same group
similarity
Sound cannot be passed from eardrum to cochlea
Conduction of hearing impairment
Method by which sensations are interpreted and organized in meaningful fashion
perception
irreversible figures are visual illusions which the figure and ground can be reversed. T/F
F; Reversible
Nearsightedness
myopia
tied to a lack of blue cone cells
Tritanopia
students wear the same uniform as part of the same college
similarity
color perception is limited to combinations of two cones or colors
Color blindness
Illusions is influenced by our past experiences. T/F
T
Perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
Contiguity
illusions: two lines one appearing longer than the other but really same lng
Muller-Lyer Illusion
unit of measurement for loudness
Decibel
illusion: perceived motion of a single object (stare at light sasakit yung eye so magtwitwitch sya almost tas gagalaw yung image or thing)
Autokinetic effect
Farsightedness
hyperopia
condition where signals are processed differently resulting in information being interpreted as more than one sensation
Synesthesia
Perceive things as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken-up pattern
Continuity
bend incoming light so that image can be focused on retina
Cornea
Process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated turning stimuli into neural signals in the brain
Sensation
Inside the a moving car, grass n trees near is moving by fast while mountain sa likod is moving slowly
Motion parallax
distorted perception of a stimuli that is really there
Illusion
Blind spot
optic disc
perceiving that size is constant regardless of distance
size constancy
Pinna - auricle, visible part of ear
Auditory canal - ear canal
outer ear
mental movement of things without physical contact
Telekinesis
visual pathways to the brain
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma - cross
Optic tracts
LGN of thalamus
Optic radiation
Occipital lobe
caused by deficient functioning of green cone cells
Deuteranopia
Yung pebbles gets finer they are further away
Texture gradient
illusion: created by a rapid series of still pictures (stop motion)
Stroboscopic motion
images occur when visual sensation persists a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
Afterimages
Complete figures that are incomplete
closure
illusion: visual context affect the surrounding objects, isip mo malaki kc tabi niya maliit pero di nmn pala
Ebbinghaus Illusion
innermost layer of eye, light is converted into nerve impulses and has photoreceptor cells
Retina
Perceive objects that are close together as part of the same grouping
proximity
psychological experience of sound that corresponds to frequency of soundwaves
Pitch
lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time (Gustav Fechner)
Absolute threshold
Lens changes its shape from thick to think to focus objects that are far away
Visual accommodation
Shorter wavelength = higher frequency = higher pitch
Longer wavelength = shorter frequency = lower pitch
constancy: shape of car is the same regardless of the angel
shape constancy
illusion: influenced by past experiences, think na rectangle yung room but really trapezoid
Ames Room Illusion
Notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our level of awareness
Subliminal Perception
3 properties of sound
Pitch - frequency
Amplitude - volume
Timbre - richness in the tone
Area in the retina where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve
Insensitive to light
Blind spot
Movement, gravity, balance sense
Equilibrium
Vestibular sense
Provide info about speed and direction
Kinesthetic sense
Stretch receptors
sense muscle stretch and contraction
Golgi tendon organs
sense movement of tendon
Awareness of where the body and body parts are
Proprioception
Respond to changes in pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
pain in organs
Visceral pain
Pain in skin muscles tendons joints
Somatic pain
inability to feel pain
Congenital analgesia
Affect neural pathways that carry pain, heat, and cold sensations
Unable to cool off the body by sweating due to disrupted body’s heat-cold sensing perspiration system (anhidrosis)
Inability to regulate body temp
ongenital insensitivity to pain and with anhidrosis (CIPA)
Body senses consisting of skin senses, kinesthetic sense, and vestibular
Somesthetic sense
Olfactory receptor cells
Cillia
Above the sinus cavity and receive info from receptor
Olfactory bulb
Ability to smell
Olfaction
Anterior insula and frontal operculum
Gustatory cortex
Composed of small cells that send signals to the brain when stimulated by molecules of food
Taste buds
