NA Special Funtions Flashcards
Passage of electrical charge along the neural body (intracellular connection)
Nerve conduction
Changes in the internal polarity of the neuron
Nerve conduction
Beginning at the body of the neuron and propagating towards the proximal part of the axon until after a certain event triggers conduction of electrical charge towards the terminal axon
Nerve conduction
Post axon hillock activation
Nerve transmission
Electrical charge travels throughout the entire axon unless facilitated by saltatory conduction
Nerve transmission
Reaches terminal knob where certain activities are triggered
Synaptic activities ensures
Nerve transmission
Nerve conduction - occurs within the neuron
Nerve transmission - occurs in the synapse; one neuron to another
true
Cells were constant changes are always happening due to the multiple and different process that takes place inside and outside of it
Dynamic Cell
Electrical charge of the environment and not the direction
Polarity
Neutral charge, maybe slightly negative or positive due to the presence of ions
Polar
state of the cell when the environment outside is positive while the inside of the cell is negative
polar
Electrical charge of the fluid outside the cell
Usually POSITIVE
Extracellular polarity
Electrical charge of the fluid inside the cell
Usually NEGATIVE
Intracellular polarity
Promoted by the different dynamic processes happening
Maintenance of the polarity
why is ICP negative?
Large proteins that are negatively charged
Influx and efflux of charged ion particles
Sodium-potassium pump
State of neuron where nothing is happening however dynamic conduction might be occurring
Resting Membrane Potential
level that a depolarization must reach for an action potential to occur
Threshold of excitation
what is the resting membrane potential
-70 mv (-0.07 v)
State of neuron where transmission of electrical charge is happening
Action Potential
membrane voltage or potential is determined at any time by the relative ratio of ions, extracellular to intracellular, and the permeability of each ion
Action Potential
steps of action potential
depolarization
repolarization
resting potential
Ang normal state is negative sa loob, tas dahil bumukas yung Na+ channels papasok yung Na+ kaya magiging positive sa loob
depolarization
Sodium ions go inside, so the inside becomes more positive
depolarization
To maintain polarity
repolarization
Na+ channels are inactivated and additional K+ channels have opened so that the membrane cannot depolarize again
Repolarization
Lalabas ang potassium ions (K+) kc masyadong nang positive sa loob kaya stostop na pasok si Na+ and aalis si K+ para mag-balance sila
repolarization
Action potential continues to travel down the axon
Nag-balance na
Resting potential
Process of changing the polarity whether to become more negative or positive from its present polarized state
Polarization
Series of changes that occur to a nerve cell that leads to an activation of its function
polarization
Process by which neuron regains its negative resting potential
Voltage-gated sodium channels will close and potassium channels will open
repolarization
Loss of polarization
depolarization
Loss of the the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior
depolarization
Inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold
hyperpolarization
Change in cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative
hyperpolarization
repolarization is between
+30 to +40 mv
Tapos na yung action potential, pero may lumalabas parin na K+, kaya mas negative onti
hyperpolarization
Interval of time during which a second action potential can be initiated but initiation will require a greater stimulus than before
Relative Refractory Period
Caused by the inactivation gate of the Na+ channel
Relative Refractory Period
After na-stimulate yung neuron, may susunod pa na stimulus pero hindi umabot sa threshold level (-55 to -65 mv) kc hindi na-activate yung Na+ channels kaya hindi makapasok yung mga positive ions to reach depolarization
Relative Refractory Period
Brief interval after a successful stimulus without a second shock
Absolute Refractory Period
To achieve action potential
Need to shoot up lahat or at least umabot sa minimum threshold para mag-trigger
all or none principle
EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Change in membrane voltage of a postsynaptic cell following the influx of positively charged ions (NA+) resulting in the activation of ligand-sensitive channels
EPSP
Postsynaptic potential that make it more likely to fire an action potential
EPSP
Makes postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential
IPSP
IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
in IPSP wat is released?
Cl-
2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSP that add together
Dalawang baril sabay tumira ng bala
2 neurons shot one stimuli at the same time
Spatial Summation
2 excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSPs that add together
Isang baril that shot twice
One neuron releases 2 stimulus
Temporal Summation
saltus
Lt: “leap” or “jump”
Propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one nodes of Ranvier to another
Saltatory Conduction
Increases the conduction velocity of action potentials
Saltatory Conduction
Regenerating the action potential between region of the axon that are insulated by myelin
Saltatory Conduction
Allows one neuron to communicate with many other neurons in a network
divergence
entails the distribution of synapses from an individual neuron onto multiple postsynaptic partners
divergence
Allows a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network
convergence
involves multiple neurons providing input onto a common postsynaptic partner
convergence
Form of short-term plasticity that enhances synaptic transmission for less than a second
Facilitation
Ubiquitous phenomenon thought to play a critical role in information transfer and neural processing
Facilitation
Transient increase in synaptic strength that occurs when two or more action potentials invade the presynaptic terminal in close succession
Facilitation
Increase in effect of a presynaptic neuron on a postsynaptic neuron caused by a third neuron that makes an axoaxonic synapse with the presynaptic neuron near its terminal button
Facilitation
Phenomenon in which a neuron’s response to a stimulus is inhibited by the excitation of a neighboring neuron
Lateral Inhibition
Capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors
Lateral Inhibition
Disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction
Lateral Inhibition
Message continues to be passed along the next cell
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Excitatory neurotransmitters
AANNGHA:
Aspartate
Adrenaline/Epinephrine
Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
Nitric oxide
Glutamate
Histamine
ATP
Prevent the chemical message from being passed along any further
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
GGSD:
Glycine
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
both excitatory and inhibitatory
NNADS:
Norepinephrine
Neuropeptides
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin (mostly inhibitory)
3 types of neurotransmitters
ester
amino acid
amines
ester
acetylcholine (learning)
amino acid
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate
Aspartate
Amines
Catecholamine (Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine)
Indolamine (Serotonin Histamine)
Fight or flight
Increases heart rate and blood flow, leading to physical boost and heightened awareness
adrenaline/epinephrine
Concentration
Affects attention and responding action in the brain
Contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow
noradrenaline/norepinephrine
Calming
Improve focus, lower anxiety levels, contributes to motor and vision
GABA
Pleasure
People repeat behavior that lead to dopamine release
dopamine
Mood
Well-being and happiness, sleep cycle and digestive regulation
serotonin
Learning
Thought, learning, and memory. Activates muscle action and associated with attention and awakening
Acetylcholine
Memory
Most common. Involved in learning and memory. Regulates nerve connections
Glutamate
Euphoria
Sense of well-being and pain reduction
Endorphins
