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1st yr > NA 2 > Flashcards

NA 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Low levels of serotonin

A

Mood disorders like anxiety

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2
Q

Lack of acetylcholine and glutamate

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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3
Q

Pleasure, addiction, movement, and motivation.
Repeated behaviors lead to dopamine release

A

dopamine

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4
Q

Area where neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals to the receptors at the postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic cleft/junction

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5
Q

Starting point
Connected to the soma
Accept information from other neurons

A

dendrites

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6
Q

peptides

A

opioids, endorphins, somatostatin, oxytocin, vasopressin

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7
Q

Usually found in invertebrates
Single axon

A

Unipolar

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8
Q

no ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

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9
Q

Command center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Can affect a number of neurons at the same time and influence the effects of other chemical messengers

A

Modulatory neurotransmitter

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11
Q

has ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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12
Q

Transport electrical impulses to terminal knobs

A

Axon

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13
Q

Lowered GABA levels

A

Epilepsy and Huntington’s disease

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14
Q

Monoamines

A

dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin

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15
Q

Too little dopamine in the brain’s motor areas

A

Parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

Aka plasma membrane
Lipid bilayer - thin polar membrane composed of two layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules
Semipermeable

A

cell membrane

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17
Q

Ligand or chemical activated ion channels

A

Neurotransmitter receptors

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18
Q

Single elongate process with cell body at one side

A

Pseudounipolar

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19
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

adrenaline/Epinephrine
Noradrenaline/norepinephrine
glutamate
Histamine
aspartate

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20
Q

amino acids

A

GABA, glutamate, glycine, D-serine, Aspartate

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21
Q

Long tail like branching
may be single or multiple
Pre-synaptic function

A

Axon

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22
Q

smallest type of neuroglia

A

Microglia

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23
Q

postsynaptic function

A

dendrities

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24
Q

Creates cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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25
Q

Thick section of the cell body that attaches to the initial segment

A

Axon hillock

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26
Q

Presynaptic
Negative feedback

A

autoreceptors

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27
Q

intercellular communication

A

chemical

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28
Q

One axon but several dendrites to form a pyramid shape
Largest neuron
Found in cortex

A

Pyramidal neurons

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29
Q

Creates myelin sheath for PNS

A

Schwann cells

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30
Q

Receives transmission

A

Dendrites

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31
Q

Cell membrane of the cells in the PNS

A

Neurolema

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32
Q

Two extensions extending from the cell body
One end is axon other is dendrite
Found in retina and nose and eye function

A

Bipolar neurons

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33
Q

More than two processes but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrite

A

Anaxonic neurons

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34
Q

Free movement
Scavenger role in phagocytosis (type of endocytosis; ingesting particles)
Fountains of microglia
Prevalent during the development and reshaping the brain
No properties of inflammation and antigen-presenting

A

Ameboid microglia

35
Q

Terminal end of the axon

A

Terminal knob

36
Q

Structural framework of the nerve cell

A

Cytoskeleton

37
Q

Euphoria
Released during exercise, excitement, sex, reduce pain

A

Endorphins

38
Q

presynaptic function

A

axon

39
Q

Organelles that can contain chemicals such as neurotransmitters or digestive enzymes

A

Vesicle/ Vacuole

40
Q

Major component of cytoskeleton
Where neurotransmitter can travel from soma to terminal axon

A

Microtubules

41
Q

Learning
Thought, learning and memory, attention and awakening
Activates muscle action in the body

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

Creates myelin sheath for the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

43
Q

Excessive amounts of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain

A

Schizophrenia

44
Q

Part of the microtubule that helps in stability and growth

A

Microfilament

45
Q

Usually terminal knob of axon

A

Presynaptic

46
Q

Powerhouse of the cell
Provide energy

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

Pinakamaraming glial cell
Creates fibers and nerves
Kapit sa myelin sheath
Sticks neuron to blood vessel

A

Astrocyte

48
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA
Glycine
Serotonin

49
Q

The gap connection between nerve cells

A

Synapse

50
Q

Both exhibitory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

51
Q

Produces and assemble cell ribosome

A

Nucleolus

52
Q

Have inhibitory effects, decrease likelihood that the neuron will fire an action

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

53
Q

Branching appendages of the nerve cell
Post synaptic function

A

Dendrites

54
Q

Packaging (neurotransmitters) organelles of the cell (vesicles

A

Golgi complex/bodies

55
Q

Pinakamarami
Acts as a glue
Aka neuroglia

A

Glial cells

56
Q

others nt

A

acetylcholine, adenosine, nitric acid

57
Q

End point of axon where synapse is located

A

Terminal knobs

58
Q

Mood
Contributes to wellbeing and happiness
Helps with sleep cycle and digestive regulation
Affected by exercise and light exposure

A

serotonin

59
Q

Have excitatory effects, increase likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

A

excitatory nt

60
Q

Multiple dendrites that fan out of the cell body
Inhibitory neurons (release neurotransmitters to stop other neurons from firing)

A

Purkinje neurons

61
Q

Bundle of neurons with the same function that glial cells connect

A

Nerves

62
Q

Main control system of the cell
Accepts or rejects signals
command center of cell

A

nucleus

63
Q

Linked to noradrenaline

A

Mood disorders like manic depression, anxiety, and impaired sleep cycle

64
Q

Fully active phagocytic form
Inflammatory and neurotoxic
Thickening and retraction of branches
Antigen-presenting
Neuro-inflammation
Fully active phagocytic form

A

Activated microglia

65
Q

Memory
Most common neurotransmitter
Learning and memory, regulates development and creation of nerve contacts

A

Glutamate

66
Q

Glues to specific organs

A

Satellite cells

67
Q

Vesicles containing digestive enzyme, use oxidative reaction for digestion

A

Peroxisome

68
Q

Attaches to the axon hillock

A

Initial segment

69
Q

Creates myelin sheath for CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

70
Q

Fight or flight
Produced in stressful situations
Increases heart rate and blood flow leading to physical boost and heightened awareness

A

adrenaline

71
Q

Concentration, affects attentions and responding actions
Contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow

A

noradrenaline

72
Q

The gap between the synapse from the presynaptic neuron towards the postsynaptic neuron

A

Synaptic cleft

73
Q

Space between the terminal knob and dendrite
The gap connection between nerve cells

A

synapse

74
Q

maintaining g an immunologically stable environment
Active macrophages (type of white blood cell that does phagocytosis)
Long branches and a small cellular body
Prevalent in adulthood brain
Creates stiff connections with brain

A

Ramified microglia

75
Q

Single axon with symmetrical dendrites
Most common in CNS

A

Multipolar neurons

76
Q

Usually distal membrane appendage of dendrite

A

Post-synaptic

77
Q

Cell membrane of the cells in the CNS

A

Plasma cell membrane

78
Q

Insulator and bounces the signal

A

Myelin sheath

79
Q

An area usually between an axon and a dendrite divided by the synaptic cleft

A

Synapse

80
Q

intracellular communication

A

electric

81
Q

Creates myelin sheath for the PNS

A

Schwann’s cells

82
Q

Cell body; contains the main supporting system of the cell

A

soma

83
Q

Calming
Calms firing nerves in CNS
High levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety
Contributes to motor control and vision

A

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

84
Q

Vesicle contains digestive enzyme used to break down or remove excess and worn-out cell parts

A

Lysosome

1st yr (10 decks)

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