NA 2 Flashcards by Sofie Dy

Low levels of serotonin

Mood disorders like anxiety

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Lack of acetylcholine and glutamate

Alzheimer’s disease

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Pleasure, addiction, movement, and motivation.
Repeated behaviors lead to dopamine release

dopamine

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Area where neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic terminals to the receptors at the postsynaptic membrane

Synaptic cleft/junction

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Starting point
Connected to the soma
Accept information from other neurons

dendrites

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peptides

opioids, endorphins, somatostatin, oxytocin, vasopressin

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Usually found in invertebrates
Single axon

Unipolar

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no ribosomes

Smooth ER

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Command center of the cell

Nucleus

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Can affect a number of neurons at the same time and influence the effects of other chemical messengers

Modulatory neurotransmitter

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has ribosomes

Rough ER

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Transport electrical impulses to terminal knobs

Axon

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Lowered GABA levels

Epilepsy and Huntington’s disease

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Monoamines

dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin

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Too little dopamine in the brain’s motor areas

Parkinson’s disease

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Aka plasma membrane
Lipid bilayer - thin polar membrane composed of two layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules
Semipermeable

cell membrane

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Ligand or chemical activated ion channels

Neurotransmitter receptors

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Single elongate process with cell body at one side

Pseudounipolar

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Excitatory neurotransmitters

adrenaline/Epinephrine
Noradrenaline/norepinephrine
glutamate
Histamine
aspartate

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amino acids

GABA, glutamate, glycine, D-serine, Aspartate

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Long tail like branching
may be single or multiple
Pre-synaptic function

Axon

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smallest type of neuroglia

Microglia

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postsynaptic function

dendrities

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Creates cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

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Thick section of the cell body that attaches to the initial segment

Axon hillock

Presynaptic Negative feedback

autoreceptors

intercellular communication

chemical

One axon but several dendrites to form a pyramid shape Largest neuron Found in cortex

Pyramidal neurons

Creates myelin sheath for PNS

Schwann cells

Receives transmission

Dendrites

Cell membrane of the cells in the PNS

Neurolema

Two extensions extending from the cell body One end is axon other is dendrite Found in retina and nose and eye function

Bipolar neurons

More than two processes but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrite

Anaxonic neurons

Free movement Scavenger role in phagocytosis (type of endocytosis; ingesting particles) Fountains of microglia Prevalent during the development and reshaping the brain No properties of inflammation and antigen-presenting

Ameboid microglia

Terminal end of the axon

Terminal knob

Structural framework of the nerve cell

Cytoskeleton

Euphoria Released during exercise, excitement, sex, reduce pain

Endorphins

presynaptic function

axon

Organelles that can contain chemicals such as neurotransmitters or digestive enzymes

Vesicle/ Vacuole

Major component of cytoskeleton Where neurotransmitter can travel from soma to terminal axon

Microtubules

Learning Thought, learning and memory, attention and awakening Activates muscle action in the body

acetylcholine

Creates myelin sheath for the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Excessive amounts of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain

Schizophrenia

Part of the microtubule that helps in stability and growth

Microfilament

Usually terminal knob of axon

Presynaptic

Powerhouse of the cell Provide energy

Mitochondria

Pinakamaraming glial cell Creates fibers and nerves Kapit sa myelin sheath Sticks neuron to blood vessel

Astrocyte

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA Glycine Serotonin

The gap connection between nerve cells

Synapse

Both exhibitory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine

Produces and assemble cell ribosome

Nucleolus

Have inhibitory effects, decrease likelihood that the neuron will fire an action

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Branching appendages of the nerve cell Post synaptic function

Dendrites

Packaging (neurotransmitters) organelles of the cell (vesicles

Golgi complex/bodies

Pinakamarami Acts as a glue Aka neuroglia

Glial cells

others nt

acetylcholine, adenosine, nitric acid

End point of axon where synapse is located

Terminal knobs

Mood Contributes to wellbeing and happiness Helps with sleep cycle and digestive regulation Affected by exercise and light exposure

serotonin

Have excitatory effects, increase likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

excitatory nt

Multiple dendrites that fan out of the cell body Inhibitory neurons (release neurotransmitters to stop other neurons from firing)

Purkinje neurons

Bundle of neurons with the same function that glial cells connect

Nerves

Main control system of the cell Accepts or rejects signals command center of cell

nucleus

Linked to noradrenaline

Mood disorders like manic depression, anxiety, and impaired sleep cycle

Fully active phagocytic form Inflammatory and neurotoxic Thickening and retraction of branches Antigen-presenting Neuro-inflammation Fully active phagocytic form

Activated microglia

Memory Most common neurotransmitter Learning and memory, regulates development and creation of nerve contacts

Glutamate

Glues to specific organs

Satellite cells

Vesicles containing digestive enzyme, use oxidative reaction for digestion

Peroxisome

Attaches to the axon hillock

Initial segment

Creates myelin sheath for CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Fight or flight Produced in stressful situations Increases heart rate and blood flow leading to physical boost and heightened awareness

adrenaline

Concentration, affects attentions and responding actions Contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow

noradrenaline

The gap between the synapse from the presynaptic neuron towards the postsynaptic neuron

Synaptic cleft

Space between the terminal knob and dendrite The gap connection between nerve cells

synapse

maintaining g an immunologically stable environment Active macrophages (type of white blood cell that does phagocytosis) Long branches and a small cellular body Prevalent in adulthood brain Creates stiff connections with brain

Ramified microglia

Single axon with symmetrical dendrites Most common in CNS

Multipolar neurons

Usually distal membrane appendage of dendrite

Post-synaptic

Cell membrane of the cells in the CNS

Plasma cell membrane

Insulator and bounces the signal

Myelin sheath

An area usually between an axon and a dendrite divided by the synaptic cleft

Synapse

intracellular communication

electric

Creates myelin sheath for the PNS

Schwann’s cells

Cell body; contains the main supporting system of the cell

soma

Calming Calms firing nerves in CNS High levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety Contributes to motor control and vision

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Vesicle contains digestive enzyme used to break down or remove excess and worn-out cell parts

Lysosome