intro to psych 1 Flashcards
in psych we only study humans. T/F
F; animals too
father of psych
wilhelm wundt
4 goals of psych
describe, explain, predict, control
Objectively examining one’s thoughts and mental activities
objective introspection (WW)
1st american to get a phd in psych
Granville Stanley Hall
Granville established the 1st psych lab in Germany. T/F
F; Wundt
Founded the American Psychological Association
Granville Stanley Hall
structuralism
edward titchener
functionalism
william james
experiences can be broken into individual emotions and sensations
structuralism
german for configuration
gestalt
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka
Gestalt psych
importance of consciousness on everyday life. “why” people do what they do
functionalism
whole picture is what is observed
gestalt psych
Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney
psychoanalytic/dynamic
Behaviour results from forces at work within the individual often at an unconscious level
psychoanalytic
Ability of the individual to direct and control their own life, free will, and self actualization
Humanistic
Perception, memory, problem solving, language
Cognitive
Relationship between social behaviour and context of family, culture
Sociocultural
Influences genetics, activity of nervous system on humans
Biopsychological
Biological bases for universal mental characteristics
Evolutionary
Diagnose and treat
Clinical
Learning and emotional problems in schools, organization of educational institutions
School and Educational
In workplace to improve productivity and quality
Industrial Organizational
Observe in their natural habitat
Naturalistic observation
5 Steps of Scientific Approach
Perceiving the question
Forming hypothesis
Testing hypothesis
Drawing conclusions
Report the results
Proves: cause and effect
Experiment Methods:
Watch in an artificial but controlled situation
Laboratory observation
Measure of the relationship between two or more variables
Correlation Methods
number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
Correlation coefficient
Answer a series of questions
Standardized tests
A person’s awareness of that is going around them at any given moment
Consciousness
Generated by a set of action potential in the communications between neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in a person’s awareness
Consciousness
State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feel alert
Waking consciousness
State of which there is a shift of quality or pattern of mental activity as compared with waking consciousness (ex:. daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis and substance-induced states)
Altered state of consciousness
Require our conscious attention to a fairly high degree (ex: driving a car, having a conversation)
Controlled processes
Require a comparatively low level of conscious awareness (ex: walking, riding a bike)
Automatic processes
“Gentle tyrant”
SLEEP
Human body’s biological rhythms
SLEEP
Natural cycles of activity that the body must go through
SLEEP
Cycle of bodily rhythms that occurs over a 24 hour period
Circadian Rhythm
Sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the hypothalamus
Circadian Rhythm
structure within the hypothalamus that releases melatonin
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Internal clock that tells us when to wake up and when to fall asleep
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) / hypothalamus
Evolve sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active
Adaptive theory of sleep
Sleep is a product of evolution
Adaptive theory of sleep
Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
Restorative theory of sleep
awake and alert waves
Beta waves
awake and relax
Alpha waves
Theta waves increases
Alpha waves decreases
Hypnogogic images
Stage N1
vivid visual events
Hypnogogic images
Spindles (burst of activity)
Body temp drops, heart rate slows, breathing is shallow and irregular
Stage N2
Deep non-REM sleep
Delta activity - slower and accounts for larger, slower waves on the graph
Waves increase to more that 50% of total brain activity
Stage N3
REM sleep
Burst of synchronous vertical eye movement
Low voltage continuous theta with minimal beta
Occurs every 90 minutes
Heart beats faster, brain waves resembles beta waves
Stage R
paradoxical sleep
REM
inability of voluntary muscles to move
sleep paralysis
Person is typically experiencing a dream
REM
Person experiences increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
REM rebound
rare disorder, mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.
REM behavior disorder (RBD)
State of relaxation or light sleep
Alpha waves
Any stages of sleep that do not include REM
Non-REM
smaller and faster
Indicating mental activity
Beta waves
Long, slow brain waves that indicate deepest stage of sleep
Delta waves
Indicating early stages of sleep
Theta waves
Sitting, walking, or performing complex behavior while asleep
Somnambulism
Extreme fear, agitation, screaming while asleep
Night terrors
Uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep
Restless leg syndrome
Painful cramps in calf or foot muscles
Nocturnal leg cramps
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Hypersomnia
Disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag or work shift
Circadian rhythm disorders
Urinating while asleep
Enuresis
Dreams as wishful fulfillment
Manifest and latent content
freud’s interpretation of dreams
Association in the cortex respond to the random activation of these cortical cells by synthesizing a story
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Revision of activation-synthesis theory
States that information experienced during waking hours can influence the synthesis of dreams
Activation-information-mode (AIM)
Dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
