neuro ana macro Flashcards by Sofie Dy

Study of the anatomical structure that is visible (gross) to the naked eye

Gross anatomy

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Study of different brain structures that could be seen by the naked eye, include parts that could be observed after a series of cuts (slice) depending on the anatomical plane utilized

Gross neuroanatomy

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Curved or rounded projection or division of a bodily organ

Lobes

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Deep groove that separates two areas

Fissures

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deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres (aka cerebral, great longitudinal, median longitudinal, interhemispheric fissure)

Longitudinal fissure

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separates parietal and frontal

Central sulcus

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separates temporal and frontal

Sylvian fissure/Lateral sulcus

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small little space that separates the occipital and temporal

Preoccipital notch

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A groove in the cerebral cortex

Superior frontal
Central sulcus of Ronaldo
Lateral sulcus of Sylvius
Superior temporal
Intraparietal sulcus

Sulcus

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Sylvius

Lateral sulcus

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Ronaldo (Messi fan ako)

Central sulcus

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Ridge on the cerebral cortex

Gyrus

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Each gyrus is surrounded by sulci. T/F

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why meron gyrus and sulci?

both increases the surface area of the brain

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Primary and secondary areas

Primary motor area
Primary sensory area
Secondary sensory and motor area
Primary and secondary temporal area
Primary and secondary visual area

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Primary motor area

Precentral gyrus

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Primary sensory area

Post central gyrus

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Anterior speech area
Speech production

Broca’s area

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Posterior speech area
Language comprehension

Wernicke’s area

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disorders of speech with an organic cause

Aphasia

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cluster of neurons with the same function in the CNS, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

nucleus (nuclei)

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Have robust connections with the cerebral cortex and thalamus

Basal nuclei

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Group of subcortical nuclei responsible many for motor control, also motor learning, executive functions and behaviors and emotions

Basal nuclei

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Fine-tune the voluntary motor activity and is involved in planning and modulation of movement, memory, eye movements, reward processing, motivation

Basal nuclei

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3 parts of Basal nuclei

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

part of basal nuclei for cognitive part of emotions

Caudate nucleus

part of basal nuclei for proprioception

Globus pallidus

caudate nucleus + putamen

Caudate striatum

putamen + globus pallidus

Lentiform/Lenticular nuclei

Collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the (PNS)

Ganglion

Synaptic relay station between neurons

Ganglion

Responsible for reflexes

Ganglion

For behavioral and emotional responses, especially for emotions needed for survival

Limbic system

located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the brainstem

Limbic system

decides the emotion

Hypothalamus

Main 3 structures involved in the limbic system

Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate gyrus

sensory relay center

Thalamus

“Little brain”

Cerebellum

Maintenance of balance and posture, coordination of voluntary movements, motor learning, and cognitive functions

Cerebellum

3 parts of the cerebellum

Cerebrocerebellum Spinocerebellum Vestibulocerebellum

part of cerebellum for planning movements and motor learning

Cerebrocerebellum

part of cerebellum for sensory relay from PNS to the brain

Spinocerebellum

part of cerebellum for position, posture, and proprioception

Vestibulocerebellum

Connects cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum

Brainstem

Sends messages to the rest of your body to regulate balance, breathing, heart rate, etc.

Brainstem

3 parts of the brainstem

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Smallest portion of the brainstem In between the pons caudally and the diencephalon Connect brain and spinal cord

Midbrain

where midbrain is located

mesencephalic-pons groove)

3 parts of midbrain

colliculi tegmentum cerebral peduncles

part of colliculi for relay center, towards the thalamus for visual senses

superior colliculi

part of tegmentum : gray matter; pain processing and control

Periaqueductal gray nucleus

part of the midbrain for subconscious and homeostatic and reflexive pathways

tegmentum

part of colliculi relaying for auditory senses

inferior colliculi

Between the midbrain and medulla

Pons

part of the tegmentum: pinkish; coordination of movement

Red nucleus

part of cerebral peduncles for dopamine production

Substantia nigra

Handles unconscious processes

Pons

Lt: “bridge”

Pons

2 sections of the pons

ventral and dorsal

part of pons for coordination of movement

Pontine nuclei of the Ventral pons

part of pons for reticular formation

Dorsal

Connect brainstem to spinal cord

Medulla Oblongata

Comprised of the cardiovascular respiratory regulation system, descending motor tracts, ascending sensory tracts, and origin or cranial nerves 9, 10, 11, 12

Medulla Oblongata

Carries information of smell

Olfactory

branches of olfactory nerves that pass from the nasal cavity through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Fila olfactoria

Transmitting visual information

Optic nerve

Allows movement of the eye muscles, constriction of pupil, focusing the eyes and position of the upper eyelid

Oculomotor

One of the ocular motor nerves that controls eye movement

Trochlear

Smallest but has the longest intracranial course, only nerve to have a dorsal exit from the brainstem

Trochlear

eye muscle that the trochlear nerve controls

Superior oblique muscle

Provide sensory and motor innervation to the face

Trigeminal

3 branches of the Trigeminal nerve

Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular

Responsible for extraocular motor functions of the eye along with CN 3 & 4

Abducens

Carries nerve fibers that control facial movement and expression

Facial

Also carries nerve that are involved in taste to the anterior ⅔ of the tongue and producing tears

Facial

5 exterior branches of facial nerve

Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Marginal mandibular branch Cervical branch

maintaining body balance and eye movements

Vestibular nerve

Consist of vestibular and cochlear nerves

Vestibulocochlear

for hearing

Cochlear nerve

Motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to the mouth and throat

Glossopharyngeal

Help raise part of the throat and enables swallowing

Glossopharyngeal

Longest cranial nerve

vagus

For digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing

vagus

Movement of the most of the muscles in the tongue

Hypoglossal

Supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

accessory

Rotation of the head away from the side of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle, tilting the head toward the sternocleidomastoid. Flexion of the neck.

accessory

Starts in the medulla oblongata and moves down into the jaw

Hypoglossal

Long, thin, tubular structure made up of tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region of the vertebral column

spinal cord

5 divisions of the spinal cord

cervical - 8 pairs thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 coccygeal - 1 total of 31 pairs

Outer layer of the spinal cord

white matter

inner layer of the spinal cord

gray matter

little hole, passageway for CSF

Central canal

Produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations

cerebrospinal fluid

3 layers of meninges

pia mater - inner arachnoid mater - middle dura mater - outer

Membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

meninges

4 ventricles of the brain

2 lateral ventricle 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle 5th ventricle

Interventricular foramina

bridge between lateral and 3rd ventricle

3 parts of the lateral ventric;e

anterior horn - near the frontal lobe posterior horn - near the parietal lobe interior horn - near the hippocampus

Interventricular foramina

bridge between lateral and 3rd ventricle

in the diencephalon and close to the hypothalamus

3rd ventricle

5 recesses of the 3rd ventricle

Infundibular Supraoptic Anterior Suprapineal Pineal

4th ventricle

connects to the central canal

Cerebral aqueduct

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

cranial nerves for ocular motor of eye muscles

cn 3, 4, & 6