Neuro_Exam 1_Hydrocephelus

Question 1

when injured, the cns has _____ capacity for ______

Answer 1

limited regeneration

Question 2

instead of fibrotic scar, the cns forms a _____

Answer 2

gliosis

Question 3

a gliosis is made of _____, and this repair is _____ as fibrosis

Answer 3

astrocytes, not as strong

Question 4

selective vulnerability: Neurons tend to be ______ to ischemia than ______ or _____

Answer 4

more sensitive, gial or endothelial cells

Question 5

most sensitive areas of brain_____

Answer 5

neurons in hippo and cerebellum and cortical level 3 and 5

Question 6

as opposed to the body, the blood flow to the cns is

Answer 6

autoregulated

Question 7

other anatomical features:

Answer 7

enclosed in boney structure, compartments by meninges, ventricular system with csf, absense of lymphatics

Question 8

epidural space in cns

Answer 8

potential (dura and skull fused)

Question 9

the subdural space is ____

Answer 9

true space

Question 10

csf is secreted by ____, it is a ____ form of _____

Answer 10

choroid plexus, filtered, plasma

Question 11

bbb contains _____ junctions between____ as well as _____

Answer 11

tight, capillary, endothelial cells, astrocytes

Question 12

hydrocephalus is caused from _____, and the vol of csf can _______

Answer 12

dilation of ventricules, rise above blood pressure, cut off circulation of blood to brain

Question 13

causes of hydrocephalus include ____ and ____ which is more common

Answer 13

overproduction of csd (choroid plexus papilloma), obstruction of csf flow (within ventricular system or outside the ventricular system)

Question 14

common form of hydrocephalus includes obstruction _____ the ventricular system, and it includes _____

Answer 14

outside, meningeal fibrosis (communicating hydrocephalus)

Question 15

a common cause of meningeal fibrosis is _____

Answer 15

previous meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage leading to impaired reabsorbtion of csf

Question 16

normal pressure hydrocephalus is a type of _____ hydrocephalus and includes symptoms

Answer 16

communicating, dementia, incontinence, coordination (wacky, wet, wobbly)

Question 17

hydrocephalus ex vacuo is a type of _____ hydrocephalus and inludes, this is more increase of _____ rather than an increase in ___

Answer 17

communicating, dialtion of ventricules in response to volume loss (atrophy) with normal intracranial pressure, space, csf

Question 18

non obstrutcive hypdrocephalus is characterized by _____ of the csf ______ the ventricular system

Answer 18

non-communicating, obstruction of csf within (as opposed to communicating which is outside)

Question 19

in non-communicating hydrocephalus, the vent cavities are ____

Answer 19

no longer communicating with each other

Question 20

diffuse cerebral atrophy would be caused by _____

Answer 20

communicating hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Question 21

cerebral edema is ____ due to increased fluid accumulation and includes ____, ____, and _____, all a result of the cns not having ____

Answer 21

swelling, vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, lymphatics

Question 22

vasogenic edema is caused by _____, with fluid accumulating in the ____

Answer 22

increased cap perm (break down in bbb) with fluid accumulating, extracellular space

Question 23

cytotoxic edema is an increase in ______ sodium and water causing swelling

Answer 23

intracellular

Question 24

interstitial edema is when _____ enters ______ of periventricular white matter

Answer 24

csf, extracellular

Question 25

when intra cranial pressure exceeds ______, cerebral _______ will cease (leading to brain death)

Answer 25

mean arterial blood pressure, perfusion

Question 26

5 herniations: across middle____, around lateral fissure area _____, down brainstem cerebellum area _____, from temporal lobe up______, out of skull towards epidural space____

Answer 26

cingulate or subfalcine, uncal or transtentorial, tonsillar, upward, transcalvarial

Question 27

contusions, lacerations and traumatic hemorraghes are all ______

Answer 27

parenchymal injuries

Question 28

types of skull fractures:

Answer 28

linear, depressed, compound, diastatic, basilar

Question 29

linear fracture:

Answer 29

no bone displacement

Question 30

depressed fracture:

Answer 30

fragments displaced inward

Question 31

compound fracture:

Answer 31

scalp laceration overlying fractrure, risk of infection or csf leak

Question 32

diastatic fracture:

Answer 32

facture that cross suture lines causing widening of suture (children)

Question 33

basilar fracture:

Answer 33

base of skull fracture

Question 34

base of skull fracture:

Answer 34

seen better in ct than plain, dural tear, risk of meningitis, csf leaking, racoon eyes

Question 35

contusions include:

Answer 35

coup (at site), contrecoup (opposite side of impact) like in a sledding accident

Question 36

if head is not moving, you incure ____ if you are moving (car accident) you can incure_____

Answer 36

coup, contrecoup

Question 37

in basilar skull fractures, there will be _____ on xray

Answer 37

nothing obvious

Question 38

tearing of laceratino of blood vessels (focal collection of blood clot) form____

Answer 38

intracranial hematomas

Question 39

intraparenchymal hemorrhages are usually found in _____

Answer 39

white matter

Question 40

subdural hematoma is caused by ______

Answer 40

tearing of the bridging veins between dura and brain

Question 41

subdural hematoma, the blood fills up____ bc ____

Answer 41

slower, veins are lower pressure

Question 42

in subdural space, the blood collects in _____

Answer 42

dura and surface of brain, most common in people with brain atrophy

Question 43

epi hematoma usually due to _____, and is due to _____

Answer 43

laceration of mmartery, arterial bleeding, high pressure

Question 44

edh results in ____ and is limited by ____

Answer 44

lens shaped, dura

Question 45

sdh follows _____ and is limited by _____

Answer 45

contour of the brain, falx and tentorium

Question 46

head trauma that seems find and then rapidly declines _____

Answer 46

arterial bleeding, mma, lens shaped on film