Cranial nerves_1

Question 1

The majority of cranial nerves exit the ____ surface of the brainstem, but there are exceptions. CN I and II project to _____, and CN IV exits the dorsal surface of the ___ ____.____ exits ventrally but not in the brainstem (it has a spinal origin).

Answer 1

The majority of cranial nerves exit the ventral surface of the brainstem, but there are exceptions. CN I and II project to forebrain, and CN IVexits the dorsal surface of the caudal midbrain.CN XI exits ventrally but not in the brainstem(it has a spinal origin).

Question 2

Taste is a part of 3 mixed nerves: ___, ___ and ___ cranial nerves.

Answer 2

Taste is a part of 3 mixed nerves: facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X)

Question 3

The trigeminal nerve supplies both ___ and ___ innervation to various parts of the head and neck. What are the three V’s?Two of them, ___ and ___, are purely ___.

Answer 3

The trigeminal nerve supplies both sensory and motor innervation to various parts of the head and neck.The three V’s are:V1 - OpthalmicV2 - MaxillaryV3 - MandibularTwo of them, opthalmic and maxillary, are purely sensory.

Question 4

______ division (CN V (V1)),is asensory nerve that passes through the_______ andsupplies the eyeball, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa, frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead and scalp.

Answer 4

Opthalmicdivision (CN V), is asensory nerve that passes through the superior orbital fissureand supplies the eyeball, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa, frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead and scalp.

Question 5

_______ division (CN V (V2) ) is a sensory nerve that passes through the_____ ____. It relays sensory infofrom the skin of the face over the maxillam including the upper lip, maxillary teeth, nasal mucosa, maxillary sinuses and palate.

Answer 5

Maxillary division (CN V ) is asensory nerve that passes through theforamen rotundum. It relays sensoryinfo from the skin of the face over the maxilla including the upper lip, maxillary teeth, nasal mucosa, maxillary sinuses and palate.

Question 6

The third division of the trigeminal nerveis both a ___ and ____ nerve. The _______ division (CN V - v3) passes through the ___ ___ and is both a sensory and motor nerve. The motor component supplies the muscles of _____, myohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani.Sensation from the skin over the mandible, including the lower lip and side of the head, mandibular teeth, mucosa of the mouth and the anterior two thirds of the tongue is also relayed by CN V .

Answer 6

The third division of the trigeminal nerve is both a motor and sensory nerve. The MANDIBULAR division (CN V ) passes through the FORAMEN OVALE and is both a sensory and motor nerve. The motor component supplies the MUSCLES OF MASTICATION, myohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani.Sensation from the skin over the mandible, including the lower lip and side of the head, mandibular teeth, mucosa of themouth and the anterior two thirds of thetongue is also relayed by CN V .Mandibular nerve mnemonic:”My Tensors Dig Ants 4 MoM” (Mylohyoid—Tensor Tympani + Tensor Veli Palatini—Digastric(Anterior) – 4 Muscles of Mastication (Temporalis, Masseter, Medial and Lateral Pterygoids)

Question 7

CN___:FUNCTION: special sensory (or visceral afferent - smell).These nerve fibers pass through foramina in the ____ of the ____ bone,pierce the dura and arachnoid of the brain and enter the olfactory bulb. In addition to enabling us to smell, ____ also induces visceral responses via the autonomic nervous system. For example, salivation is initiated in response to the aroma of food.

Answer 7

CN I - OlfactoryFUNCTION: special sensory (or visceralafferent - smell).The olfactory nerve fibers are collectivelyknown as CN I. The fibers pass through foramina in the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone, pierce the dura and arachnoid of the brain and enter the olfactory bulb. In addition to enabling us to smell, CN I also induces visceral responses via the autonomic nervous system. For example, salivation is initiated in response to the aroma of food.

Question 8

___ innervates 4 or 6 extraocular muscles.Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic?FUNCTIONS: innervates4 of the 6 extraocular muscles.The oculomotor nerve is the chief motor nerve forthe ocular and extraocular muscles. It leaves the cranial cavity and enters the __ __ __.Within this fissure the nerve divides into the superior and inferior divisions. The inferior division also carries presynaptic autonomic fibers to the__ __.The superior division carries fibers to the __ __ and __ __.

Answer 8

CN III - OculomotorThis suppliesparasympathetic motor neurons to ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae.FUNCTIONS: innervates4 of the 6 extraocular muscles.The oculomotor nerve is the chief motor nerve forthe ocular and extraocular muscles. It leaves the cranial cavity and enters the SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE.Within this fissure the nerve divides into the superior and inferior divisions. The inferior division also carries presynaptic autonomic fibers to the CILIARY GANGLION.The superior division carries fibers to thelevator palpibrae and superior rectus.

Question 9

____ function is to supply motor innervation to the superior oblique extraocular muscles. This nerve passes through the___ ___ ____, where it supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye.Injury to this nerve inhibits the eyeball from turning out and down (inferolaterally). This is seen clinically aa ____(aka double vision).This nerveis the only cranial nerve to emerge dorsally from the brainstem.

Answer 9

CN IV’s (trochlear) function is to supply motor innervation to the superior oblique extraocular muscles. This nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure where itsupplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye (Remember, Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult).Injury to this nerve inhibits the eyeballfrom turning out and down (inferolaterally).This is seen clinically as DIPLOPIA (doublevision).CN IV is the only cranial nerve to emerge dorsally from the brainstem.

Question 10

____ nerve function is to supply motor innervation to the lateral rectus extraocular muscles. This nerve arises between the ___ and the ___ (___ junction)on the brain and wil ltravel through the __ ___ ___ to innervate the lateral rectus muscle. The action of this muscle is to ___the eye.

Answer 10

CN VI’s (abducens)function is to supply motor innervation to the lateral rectus extraocular muscles. The abducens nerve arises between the pons and the medulla(PMJ) on the brain, and will travel through the superior orbital fissure to innervate the lateral rectus muscle. The action of this muscle is to ABDUCT the eye.In this picture, the bad eye is the RIGHT eye. She cannot ABDUCT her right eye.

Question 11

___ nerve:General sensory function: __ and __ divisionsGeneral motor function: ___ divison.Also, it acts like a trail finder for all parasympathetic pathways

Answer 11

CNVnerve:General sensory function: V1 (opthalmic)and V2 (Maxillary) divisionsGeneral motor function: V2 (Mandibular)divison.Also, it acts like a trail finder for all parasympathetic pathways

Question 12

Theoculomotor nucleusoriginates at the level of the__ __ in the __-__.The muscles it controls are the striated muscle in the levator palpebrae superioris and allextraocular musclesexcept for thesuperior oblique muscleand thelateral rectus muscle.TheEdinger-Westphal nucleussupplies____ fibers to the eye via the ___ ganglion, and thus controls thesphincter pupillaemuscle (affectingpupil constriction) and theciliary muscle(affecting accommodation).

Answer 12

The oculomotor nerve nucleusoriginates at the level of thesuperior colliculus in the mid brain.The muscles it controls are the striated muscle in levator palpebrae superioris and allextraocular musclesexcept for thesuperior oblique muscleand thelateral rectus muscle.TheEdinger-Westphal nucleussupplies PSfibers to the eye via theciliary ganglion, and thus controls thesphincter pupillaemuscle (affectingpupil constriction) and theciliary muscle(affecting accommodation).

Question 13

The olfactory nerveenter the skull through the ___ ___ of the ___ bone to synapse in the Olfactory Bulb.

Answer 13

These olfactory nerves enter the skull through the Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone to synapse in the Olfactory Bulb.

Question 14

The ___ ____ is formed by neural processes of neuroepithelia on upper lateral and septal wall of the nasal cavityNeural processes traverse perforations of the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and synapse in olfactory bulb.Third order connections of olfactory bulb form olfactory tract that ends in theorbital frontal cortex and temporal lobe cortex

Answer 14

The olfactory nerve is formed by neural processes of neuroepithelia on upper lateral and septal wall of the nasal cavityNeural processes traverse perforations of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and synapse in olfactory bulb.Third order connections of olfactory bulb form olfactory tractends in the orbital frontal cortex and temporal lobe cortex

Question 15

Sympathetics come in and will go to the eyelid itself becausethere is a region on the eyelid that has smooth muscles (tarsal muscles). These muscles arenot associated with the levator palpebrae superiororis muscle (which are innervated by which cranial nerve?)The tarsal muscleis separately innervated by _____ fibers that originate in the ___ ___ cord.The levator palpebrae superioris muscle elevates and retracts the upper eyelid.Since smooth muscleslocated in the eyelid are innervated by sympathetics, how does this relate to Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 15

Sympathetics come in and will go to the eyelid itself becausethere is a region on the eyelid that has smooth muscles (tarsal muscles). These muscles arenot associated with the levator palpebrae superiororis muscle, which are innervated by CN III.Smooth muscle that is located in the eyelid is innervated by sympathetics.How does this relate to Horner’s syndrome?Horner’s syndromeis a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as thesympathetic trunkis damaged.The most common clinical signs ofHorner’s Syndromeare: Drooping of the eyelid on the affected side (ptosis) The pupil of the affected eye will be constricted (miosis), or smaller than usual. The affected eye often appears sunken (enophthalmos)

Question 16

1) ___ nucleus of V (a relay for pain and temperature isanalogous to the anterolateral pathway for the body)2) ___ nucleus – (a relay for fine touch isanalogous to the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway for the body)3) ____nucleus of V – (a unique nucleus specialized for proprioception of chewing, eye and tongue muscles, this is the ONLY case where sensory neurons are found in the CNS and not in a peripheral ganglion).

Answer 16

1) Spinal nucleus of V (a relay for pain and temperature isanalogous to the anterolateral pathway for the body)2) Principlenucleus – (a relay for fine touch isanalogous to the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway for the body)3) Mesencephalic nucleus of V – (a unique nucleus specialized for proprioception of chewing, eye and tongue muscles, this is the ONLY case where sensory neurons are found in the CNS and not in a peripheral ganglion).

Question 17

The first cranial nerve provides the ultimate form of neural _____ – neuron replacement. Most neurons cannot be replaced. The nasal mucosa is a hostile environment. The olfactory epithelium (like all epithelia) has the property of replacement so that when the epithelium is damaged (by chemical or physical trauma) it can be regenerated or replaced. Neurons in the olfactory epithelium are always being replaced by ___ ___.

Answer 17

The first cranial nerve provides the ultimate form of neural plasticity – neuron replacement. Most neurons cannot be replaced. The nasal mucosa is a hostile environment. The olfactory epithelium (like all epithelia) has the property of replacement so that when the epithelium is damaged (by chemical or physical trauma) it can be regenerated or replaced. Neurons in the olfactory epithelium are always being replaced by stem cells.

Question 18

The olfactory epithelium is specialized with chemoreceptive neurons that have axons that travel through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb. Loss of olfaction the sense of smell is called ____.

Answer 18

Note the olfactory epithelium is specialized with chemoreceptive neurons that have axons that travel through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb. Loss of olfaction the sense of smell is anosmia

Question 19

The lens projects an image that is both ____ and ___ ___ on the retina. The temporal retina sees the _____ visual field and the nasal retina sees the _____visual field. The upper retina the lower visual field and the lower retina the upper visual field.

Answer 19

The lens projects an image that is both reversed and upside down on the retina. The temporal retina sees the nasal visual field and the nasal retina sees the temporal visual field. The upper retina the lower visual field and the lower retina the upper visual field.

Question 20

The projection of axons from the ganglion cells in the ____ retina crosses at the ___ ___, close to the ___gland.In contrast, the projection of the axons on the ____ retina (receiving light from the ____fields) remains ipsilateral and does not cross at the optic chiasm.This means information from the ____ visual fields (____ visual fields) must cross in front of the pituitary gland at the optic chiasm while the sensory information from the more ____or in the ____visual fields does not cross at the chiasm.This is important in cases of pituitary tumors where crossing fibers can be more selectively effected by tumor growth.Note the pathway of nasal (crossed) and temporal axons (uncrossed) at the chiasm. The right visual field (from both eyes) projects to the left thalamus and this information is then relayed to the left visual cortex.

Answer 20

The projection of axons from the ganglion cells in the nasalretina crosses at the optic chiasmclose to the pituitarygland.In contrast, the projection of the axons on the temporalretina (receiving light from the nasal fields) remains ipsilateral and does not cross at the optic chiasm.This means information from the temporalvisual fields (lateralvisual fields) must cross in front of the pituitary gland at the optic chiasm while the sensory information from the more nasalor in the medialvisual fields does not cross at the chiasm.This is important in cases of pituitary tumors where crossing fibers can be more selectively effected by tumor growth.Note the pathway of nasal (crossed) and temporal axons (uncrossed) at the chiasm. The right visual field (from both eyes) projects to the left thalamus and this information is then relayed to the left visual cortex.

Question 21

The right visual field (from both eyes) projects to the ____thalamus and this information is then relayed to the ___ visual cortex.

Answer 21

The right visual field (from both eyes) projects to the left thalamus and this information is then relayed to the left visual cortex.

Question 22

The bitemporal (in the temporal visual field of both eyes) hemi-anopia (half of the visual field is blind) is due to the fact that fibers from the nasal retina see the temporal visual field in each eye and these fibers must cross at the optic chiasm. The fibers from the temporal retina see the nasal visual field in each eye and these fibers do/do not cross at the chiasm so they will be more likely spared with a pituitary tumor.

Answer 22

The bitemporal (in the temporal visual field of both eyes) hemianopia (half of the visual field is blind) is due to the fact that fibers from the nasal retina see the temporal visual field in each eye and these fibers must cross at the optic chiasm. The fibers from the temporal retina see the nasal visual field in each eye and these fibers do not cross at the chiasm so they will be more likely spared with a pituitary tumor.

Question 23

CN III: oculomotor nerve innervates AR and the __ __ ___(which opens the eyelid). Is this parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation?What is oculomotor palsy? The eye is parked __ and ___ with a____ (dilated) pupil.How does this happen?

Answer 23

CN III: oculomotor nerve innervates AR and the levator palpebrae superioris (opens eyelid). This is parasympathetic innervation. Sympathetic innervation supplies the tarsal muscles.Oculomotor palsy: eye is parked down and out with a mydriatic (dilated) pupilCN III palsy causes ptosis (droopy eyelid), because the levator palpebrae muscle is no longer innervated. The eye is out because CN IV (LR6) is still pulling it out. It will be down because CN IV (SO) is yanking the back of the eye causing the eye to go down.

Question 24

Lateral gaze palsy is from a defectve __ nerve.

Answer 24

Abducens nerve (CN VI).SO4LR6AR3

Question 25

The position of the motor neurons in the nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV are in the midbrain and the motoneurons for cranial nerve VI are in the lower pons.The nucleus for cn III is under the superior colliculusThe nucleus for cn IV is under the inferior colliculusThe nucleus for CNVI is in the ___ ____near the ____.III and IV arise from the _____.VI from the ___ ___ ___.The SO (superior oblique) is innervated by ____The LR (lateral rectus) is innervated by CN ___AR (all the rest of the extraocular muscles) are innervated by ____Note that III and VI exit the brain in the midline above (III)and below (VI) the pons while ____is the only cranial nerve to exit on the dorsal surface. All three nerves enter the orbit through

Answer 25

Note the position of the motor neurons in the nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV are in the midbrain and the motoneurons for cranial nerve VI are in the lower ponsThe nucleus for cn III is under the superior colliculusThe nucleus for cn IV is under the inferior colliculusThe nucleus for cn VI is in the caudal pons near the pontine medullary border.III and IV arise from the midbrainVI from the pontine medullary borderThe SO (superior oblique) is innervated by CN IVThe LR (lateral rectus) is innervated by CN VIAR (all the rest of the extraocular muscles) are innervated by CN IIINote that III and VI exit the brain in the midline above and below the pons while IV is the only cranial nerve to exit on the dorsal surface. All three nerves enter the orbit through

Question 26

The ____ nerve innervates the bulk of the eye muscles:superiorand inferior rectus, medial rectus,and inferior oblique. If this nerve is damaged, the action of the remaining two muscles (superior oblique and lateral rectus) pulls the eye ___ and ____. The nucleus is located under the superior colliclus in the midbrain, and the nerve fibers exit ventrally, in the ___ fossa.

Answer 26

The CN III (oculomotor)nerve innervates the bulk of the eye muscles:superiorand inferior rectus, medial rectus,and inferior oblique. If this nerve is damaged, the action of the remaining two muscles (superior oblique and lateral rectus) pulls the eye downand out. The nucleus is located under the superior colliclus in the midbrain, and the nerve fibers exit ventrally, in the interpeduncular fossa.

Question 27

The __-___nucluesis the source of the parasympatheticsto the eye. It constricts the pupil and accommodate the lens. Thefibers travel in the ___nerve, so damage to that nerve will also produce a dilated pupil.

Answer 27

The Edinger-Westphal nucluesis the source of the parasympatheticsto the eye. It constricts the pupil and accommodate the lens. The fibers travel in the __ nerve, so damage to that nerve will also produce a dilated pupil.

Question 28

Allsensation from the face and mouthis covered by the mixed _____ nerve. A branch of the this nerve is injected with anesthesticsby your dentist when you have yourcavity filled. This nerve also carries motor fibers to themuscles of mastication(chewing). The most prominent of these is the __ muscle, the hard knot in your cheek when you clench your teeth.

Answer 28

Allsensation from the face and mouthis covered by the mixedtrigeminal nerve. A branch of the trigeminal is injected by your dentist when you have yourcavity filled. The trigeminal also carries motor fibers to themuscles of mastication(chewing). The most prominent of these is the masseter muscle, the hard knot in your cheek when you clench your teeth.

Question 29

The ___ nucleus of the trigeminal nucleus is a thin ribbon of cells that runs along the fourth ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, just outside the periaqueductal grey in the midbrain

Answer 29

Themesencephalic nucleusis a thin ribbon of cells that runs along the fourth ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, just outside the periaqueductal grey

Question 30

Themotor nucleusis located in the _____ and is often hard to see. The best landmark is the presence of trigeminal nerve fibers streaking through the adjacent middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP). The fibers appear as a hand gripping a pale egg. The pale egg is the motor nucleus.

Answer 30

Themotor nucleusis located in the mid-pons, and is often hard to see. The best landmark is the presence of trigeminal nerve fibers streaking through the adjacent middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP). The fibers appear as a hand gripping a pale egg. The pale egg is the motor nucleus.

Question 31

Thespinal nucleus of Vis easiest to see in the _____ medulla, although it extends throughout the entire medulla. Here it bears some resemblance to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, both functionally and anatomically. Just like the dorsal horn, it receives ____ afferents. The adjacentspinal tract of Vis analogous to Lissauer’s tract, as it is carrying those same pain afferents before they synapse.

Answer 31

Thespinal nucleus of Vis easiest to see in the caudal medulla, although it extends throughout the entire medulla. Here it bears some resemblance to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, both functionally and anatomically. Just like the dorsal horn, it receives pain afferents. The adjacentspinal tract of Vis analogous to Lissauer’s tract, as it is carrying those same pain afferents before they synapse.

Question 32

Identify:

Answer 32

spinal V tract

Question 33

Identify:

Answer 33

Trigeminal motor nucleus (mid pons)

Question 34

Identify

Answer 34

Trigeminal Principle nuclelus (mid pons) and more lateral to the motor nucleus

Question 35

Identify:

Answer 35

Mesencephalic tract (inpons)

Question 36

Identify

Answer 36

Substantia nigra

Question 37

When the eye is completely moved as far as it can go to the temporal side it is _____. Failure to completely abduct the eye (move it laterally) is due to weakness or paralysis of the ___ ___ muscle due to a defect in cranial nerve __.

Answer 37

When the eye is completely moved as far as it can go to the temporal side it is abducted. Failure to completely abduct the eye (move it laterally) is due to weakness or paralysis of the lateral rectusmuscle due to a defect in cranial nerve VI (abducens)

Question 38

The ___ nerves passes through the superior orbital fissure to reach all of the extraocular eye muscles EXCEPT the superior oblique and the lateral rectus.The parasympathetic component of the nerve (preganglionic parasympathetics) comesfrom the _____ nucleus which synapse on the ___ ___.

Answer 38

The oculomotornerves passes through the superior orbital fissure to reach all of the extraocular eye muscles EXCEPT the superior oblique and the lateral rectus.The parasympathetic component of the nerve (preganglionic parasympathetics) comes from the edinger-westphalnucleuswhich synapseson the ciliary ganglion.

Question 39

Accommodation of the eyes occurs bilaterally in response to a change in focal distance of the target. The eye accommodates to a closer visual target by ______ the pupil and at the same time _____ the lens. The lens becomes more _____and bends the light to converge on the retina•The pupillary light reflex occurs when a light is shined in the eye. The pupil of both eyes _____. (parasympathetic reflex).•In both accommodation and the pupillary light reflex, the response of the contralateral eye is said to be a ‘consensual’ response.•The lens is suspended in front of the _____ chamber of the eye by suspensory ligaments (zonular fibers) of the ciliary body. The ciliary smooth muscle is a circular sphincter. When its diameter is reduced, the suspensory ligaments ____, and the elastic properties of the lens allow it to resume a more spherical shape. Contraction of the smooth ciliary muscle is sphincter-like reducing the diameter of the ring of the ciliary body and thereby____ the tension on the zonular fibers. As a result of this traction on the circumference of the lens, its natural property is to become more _____.The more spherical the lens becomes the more it is able to accommodate bending light to focus on the object for ___ vision. Accomodation is under _____ control by the oculomotor nerve. The parasympathetic ganglion is the ciliary ganglion and the postganglionic fibers travel on short ciliary branches of the nasociliary nerve to the eyeball. When the ciliary muscles relax, the tension of the zonular fibers increases and this stretches out or flattens the lens again.•In the iris, the pupillary sphincter is circular ____muscle. The diameter of the pupil is reduced by the pupillary constrictor muscle. Unlike the lens, there is also a dilator pupillae muscle that is innervated by _____ input to expand the pupil.•Both the pupillary sphincter and the ciliary muscle are innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion. They travel to the eye on ___ ___ nerves. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the ______nucleus associated with the oculomotor nucleus. They course with CN III and take its ___ division to a nerve root to the ciliary ganglion.

Answer 39

Accommodation of the eyes occurs bilaterally in response to a change in focal distance of the target. The eye accommodates to a closer visual target by constricting the pupil and at the same time relaxing the lens. The lens becomes more spherical and bends the light to converge on the retina.•The pupillary light reflex occurs when a light is shined in the eye. The pupil of both eyes constricts (parasympathetic reflex).•In both accommodation and the pupillary light reflex, the response of the contralateral eye is said to be a ‘consensual’ response.The lens is suspended in front of the vitreous chamber of the eye by a suspensory ligaments (zonularfibers) of the ciliary body. The ciliary smooth muscle is a circular sphincter. When its diameter is reduced, the suspensory ligaments relaxand the elastic properties of the lens allow it to resume a more spherical shape. Contraction of the smooth ciliary muscle is sphincter-like reducing the diameter of the ring of the ciliary body and thereby reducing the tension on the zonular fibers. As a result of this traction on the circumference of the lens, its natural property is to become more spherical. The more spherical the lens becomes the more it is able to accommodate bending light to focus on the object for near vision. Accomodation is under parasympathetic control by the oculomotor nerve. The parasympathetic ganglion is the ciliary ganglion and the postganglionic fibers travel on short ciliary branches of the nasociliary nerve to the eyeball. When the ciliary muscles relax, the tension of the zonular fibers increases and this stretches out or flattens the lens again.•In the iris, the pupillary sphincter is circular smooth muscle. The diameter of the pupil is reduced by the pupillary constrictor muscle. Unlike the lens, there is also a dilator pupillae muscle that is innervated by sympathetic input to expand the pupil.•Both the pupillary sphincter and the ciliary muscle are innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion. They travel to the eye on short ciliary nerves. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus associated with the oculomotor nucleus. They course with CN III and take its inferior division to a nerve root to the ciliary ganglion.

Question 40

The smooth muscle that controls the spherical”’ness” of the lens is called the ___ muscle. When it is stimulated by _____ innervation it actually causes the lens to become ____ spherical in order to bend light from near objects to focus on the retina (as in reading)

Answer 40

The smooth muscle that controls the spherical”’ness” of the lens is called the ciliary muscle. When it is stimulated by parasympathetic innervation it actually causes the lens to become MORE spherical in order to bend light from near objects to focus on the retina (as in reading)

Question 41

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers on the ___ __nerves innervate pupillary ____ muscles. They arise from ___ ___ganglion and travel to the orbit with the plexus on the ___ artery and its branches.

Answer 41

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers on the short ciliary nerves innervate pupillary dilator muscles. They arise from superior cervical ganglion and travel to the orbit with the plexus on the carotid artery and its branches.

Question 42

Parasympathetic root to eye: Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from __-____ nucleus in the midbraintravel with CN ____. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the _____ ganglion innervate ciliary muscles via ___ ___ nervesand constrictpupil.

Answer 42

Parasympathetic root to eye: Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from edinger-westphalnucleus in the midbrain travel with CN III. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion innervate ciliary muscles via short ciliary nervesand constrictpupil.

Question 43

Parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle in the eye arises from the ____ ganglion. The ganglion is associated with the _____ nerve and the inferior division of the____ nerve.

Answer 43

Parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle in the eye arises from the ciliary ganglion. The ganglion is associated with the nasociliary nerve and the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve.

Question 44

_____ Palsy:Eye has a pupil that is mydriaticand“Down and Out”This is due to loss of parasympathetic tone and paralysis of most of theextraocular muscles AR3.

Answer 44

Oculomotor palsy:Eye has a pupil that is Mydriatic, “Down and Out” This is due to loss of parasympathetic tone and paralysis of most of the extraocular muscles AR3.

Question 45

Pupillary responses or the lack of pupillary responses can provide significant input regarding the neurological state of your patient.Pupillary constrictors are innervated by the _____ fibers. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers coming from EW nucleus,travel via the ___ ____ and synapse in the ___ ganglion.Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel to the eye via ___ ___ ___.Pupillary Dilators are innervated by ___ ____. Preganglionic fibers arise from T1/T2 and synapse in the ___ ____ ganglion and the postganglionic fibers travel up the internal _____ artery into the carotidplexus.

Answer 45

Pupillary responses or the lack of pupillary responses can provide significant input regarding the neurological state of your patient.Pupillary Constrictors are innervated by the parasympatheticfibers. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers coming from EW nucleus,travel via the oculomotor nerveand synapse in the ciliaryganglion.Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel to the eye via short ciliary nerves.Pupillary Dilators are innervated by sympathetic fibers. Preganglionic fibers arise from T1/T2 and synapse in the superior cervicalganglion and the postganglionic fibers travel up with the internal carotid and into the carotid plexus.

Question 46

_____ innervate smooth muscle (tarsal muscle) component of Levator Palpebrae.

Answer 46

Sympathetics innervate smooth muscle (tarsal muscle) component of Levator Palpebrae

Question 47

In ____ ___, the sympathetic innervation of the face is damaged. There is decreased sweating on the face, the eyelid droops, and the pupil does not dilate.

Answer 47

In Horner’s syndrome, the sympathetic innervation of the face is damaged. There is decreased sweating on the face, the eyelid droops, and the pupil does not dilate.

Question 48

The III cranial nerve is in the midbrain region of the _____colliculus. CN IIIexits via the ____ fossa, and between the___ and ___ of the circle of willis.An aneurysm of either of these vessels and frequently of the posterior communicating artery can impinge on the nerve and result in __ ___symptoms.

Answer 48

The III cranial nerve is in the midbrain region of the superiorcolliculus. CN IIIexits via the interpeduncularfossa, and between theSCA and PCA of the circle of willis.An aneurysm of either of these vessels and frequently of the posterior communicating artery can impinge on the nerve and result in oculomotor palsysymptoms.

Question 49

Which nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure to reach the superior oblique muscles?Where is this nerve’s nucleus?

Answer 49

Trochlear (SO4) Nucleus is under the inferior colliculi in the mid brain.

Question 50

Where does the abducens nerve exit?The exit is near the ___ ___ ____.

Answer 50

The exit of the nerve is in the lower pons near the pontine medullary border. It will abduct the eye via the lateral rectus.

Question 51

The optic (II)nerve, branches of the oculomotor (superior and inferior)nerve,nasociliary nerve, ophthalmic artery, abducens nerve, and optic nerve travel into the orbit surrounded by the ___ tendinous.The ____ ophthalmic vein, ____ nerve, lacrimal nerve, trochlear nerve will enter the orbit outside this common tendon ring to via the ___ __ fissure.

Answer 51

The optic nerve, branches of the oculomotor nerve, nasociliary nerve, ophthalmic artery, abducens nerve, and optic nerve travel into the orbit surrounded by the annulus tendineus.The superior ophthalmic vein, frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, trochlear nerve will enter the orbit outside this common tendon ring to via the supraorbital fissure.

Question 52

_______ tract joins the anterolateral pathway and the ___ ___ joins the medial lemniscus to the thalamus.

Answer 52

Trigeminothalamic tract joins the anterolateral pathway and the trigeminal lemniscus joins the medial lemniscus to the thalamus.

Question 53

Motor axons from the trigeminal motor nuclei are only found in what division?

Answer 53

Mandibular

Question 54

Trigeminal ganglion cellswith vibration and fine touchinfo from the face synapse in the ____ nucleus. This relay nucleus sendsthe vibration info to the thalamus via the crossing __ __.

Answer 54

Trigeminal ganglion cellswith vibration and fine touchinfo from the face synapse in the principal nucleus. This relay nucleus sendsthe vibration info to the thalamus via the crossing trigeminal lemniscus

Question 55

The cells of origin (primary neuron) for pain and temperature in the body are in the DRG. They enter and immediately synapse in the dorsal horn in the __ ___. The secondary neuron immediately crosses at that spinal segment and ascends through the brainstem to the ____ nucleus of the ____thalamus. Fibers ascend in the spinal cord and brainstem in the ____ pathway. Thalamic fibers travel to the ___ central gyrus – the primary sensory cortex.

Answer 55

Note the cells of origin (primary neuron) for pain and temperature in the body are in the DRG. They enter and immediately synapse in the dorsal horn in the substantia gelatinosa. The secondary neuron immediately crosses at that spinal segment and ascends through the brainstem to the VPL nucleus of the dorsal or caudal thalamus. Fibers ascend in the spinal cord and brainstem in the anterolateral pathway. Thalamic fibers travel to the post central gyrus – the primary sensory cortex.

Question 56

Ophthalmic: V1This is the sensory limb of the eye blink reflex. Note the ___ciliary nerves carries the postganglionic parasympathetics for ____ in the consensual light and accommodation reflexes.The longand short ciliaries carry the sympathetic postganglionics (from the SCG) for ___.

Answer 56

Ophthalmic: V1 know these branches be able to draw themThis is the sensory limb of the eye blink reflex. Note the short ciliary carries the postganglionic parasympathetics for miosis in the consensual light and accommodation reflexes.The long and short ciliaries carry the sympathetic postganglionics (from the SCG) for mydriasis.

Question 57

The branches of V2 (___) carry ____ postganglionics to the nasal mucosal glands and to the lacrimal gland.

Answer 57

The branches of V2 (maxillary)carry pterygopalatine postganglionics to the nasal mucosal glands and to the lacrimal gland.

Question 58

Maxillary Branches?

Answer 58

Superior Alveolar (Upper teeth)InfraorbitalZygomaticNasal Air SinusSeptum Palate -Greater & Lesser PalatineMax flies on superior alveolAIRlines and goes IN(fra) Orbit. The plane goes in zigzags (zygomatic) and he starts to feels signs ofnaus(eous)al and sepsis. He is then dropped off at Greater and Lesser Palastine.

Question 59

Branches of mandibular (V2)What are the four muscles of mastication?

Answer 59

BuccalLingualInferior AlveolarMental4 Muscles of mastication:1. Mylohyoid2. Ant. Digastric3. Tensor Tympani4. Tensor Veli PalatiniManz goes to Bucca di beppo with Ling. Ling tells mans that she has an inferior complexity to elves. Mans thinks she is mental.

Question 60

Branches of Opthalmic:FrontalSupraorbitalSupratrochlearNasociliary -Long & Short Ciliary -Ant. &Post. Ethmoidal -InfratrochlearLacrimal

Answer 60

FrontalSupraorbitalSupratrochlearFergie has a super track called supraorbitNasociliaryThe tall and short silly clowns go to the children and say”YOU’RE INFRA A TREAT!! WE’VE GOT ETHNIC FOOD BEHIND YOU AND IN FRONT OF YOU! -Long & Short Ciliary -Ant. &Post. Ethmoidal -InfratrochlearLacrimal

Question 61

Which cranial nerves haveparasympathetic nerves??

Answer 61

3, 7, 9, 10On March 3rd, 1910, Paris had an earthquake

Question 62

The nerves passing through the superior orbial fissure can be remembered with themnemonic, “__ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___” - for what?

Answer 62

The nerves passing through the fissure can be remembered with themnemonic, “LiveFranklyToSeeAbsolutelyNoInsult” - forLacrimal andFrontal divisions of the ophthalmic nerve (V1),Trochlear nerve (IV),Superior division of the oculomotor nerve (III),Abducens nerve (VI),Nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve (V1) andInferior Division of the oculomotor nerve (III)

Question 63

____ ___ muscles arecontrolled byparasympatheticfibers that originate from theEdinger-Westphal nucleus (accessory oculomotor nucleus), which travels along theoculomotor nerve(CN III), synapse in theciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via theshort/long ciliary nerves. It’s function is to constrict the pupil when exposed to bright light (pupillary reflex) during accomodation.

Answer 63

Pupillary sphincter muscles arecontrolled byparasympatheticfibers that originate from theEdinger-Westphal nucleus, which travel along theoculomotor nerve(CN III), synapse in theciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via theshort ciliary nerves