2_Anti-Epileptic

Question 1

____ is the main NT for IPSP, _____ is the main NT for EPSP

Answer 1

GABA, Glutamine

Question 2

IPSP vs EPSP

Answer 2

IPSP moves cell away from threshold by allowing Neg ions to enter the cell (cell is at -65), EPSP moves cell closer to threshold by allowing positive ions to enter the cell

Question 3

The ____ the EPSP the _____

Answer 3

larger, the larger the chance of firing

Question 4

Glutamate binds to _______

Answer 4

3 types of EPSPs: AMPA (the typical workhorse of movement) and NMDA (the controler of movement) the third is not important

Question 5

The typical electropotential of a cell is a:

Answer 5

compound of excitations and inhibitions

Question 6

what is PDS and what does it mean?

Answer 6

paroxysmal Depolarizing Shift, it takes place when there is a sudden large and long depolarization, and this is followed by a long slow afterhyperpolarization.

Question 7

the afterhyperpolarization is:

Answer 7

what prevents the spread of the action potential and ensures that it is partial and not generalized

Question 8

PDS is not an absence _____, but rather, ______

Answer 8

not an absense of GABA, but rather, a lack of GABA, which results in Glutamine “getting away with more than it usually does”

Question 9

primary generalized seizures can be described as having_____, the example is ______, and the EEG includes wave patterns that mimic_____

Answer 9

electrical activity almost simultaneously occur in both hemisphers, absence, sleep spindles

Question 10

t type calcium channels are :

Answer 10

active at the normal resting membrane potential, but they inactivate quickly so they do not typically alter basal excitablitiy unless you hyperpolarize, which means they are “reset” and can now fire a “rebound action potential” this is what is thought to cause excess stimulation in epilepsy

Question 11

in an absense seizure, you don’t want a GABAergic drug to hyperpolarize bc _____

Answer 11

hyperpolarizing will reset the t type calcium channels which will then lead to more bursting, and this all will exasserbate absense seizures (Absense= NO PHENOBARBITAL!)

Question 12

Ideal Tonic Clonic:

Answer 12

GABAenergic (phenobarbitol) and VG Na+ channel (phenotoine, and carbamazipine) are NOT GOOD FOR ABSENCE

Question 13

The first drug to really help absence seizures was____ it works by ______

Answer 13

Ethosuximide, works by blocking the t calcium channels and prohibits reseting of the action potential

Question 14

Broadest spectrum of all AED:

Answer 14

Valproate (not sure mechanism)

Question 15

Gabapentin is used for _______ and is unique because it has _____

Answer 15

lots of things and has no effect on GABAa receptors

Question 16

Levetiracetam (keppra) works on ___ and was discovered because:

Answer 16

tonic, absense, myoclonic; became hugely popular lately because it is very safe and tolerable (used in veterinary medicine)

Question 17

Retigabine is a _____ of ______. It was recently approved to treat _____

Answer 17

allosteric modulator of a specific potassium channel (KCNQ); treats focal seizures

Question 18

Perampanel is a ______ that was recently approved to treat______

Answer 18

selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist; approved for focal seizure with and without secondary generalization