Neuro Workbook 1 Flashcards
which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in
posterior
what does the mesencephalon form
midbrain
M esencephalon- M idbrain
what does the rhombencephalon form
pons
medullla
what ventricles lie in the brainstem
and were do they sit
4th- behind pons
cerebral aqueduct- central cavity in midbrain
groove between pons and medulla
pontomedullary junction
what cranial nerves emerge from pontomedullary junction
5, 6, 7, 8
Trigeminal (cranial nerve V)
Abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI)
Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
function of the olives
receive inputs from motor and sensory cortices
then relays them from the
brain and spinal cord to the cerebellum.
function of the pyramids
control voluntary motor
what happens at the decussation of pyramids
where motor fibres from the medullary pyramids cross the midline
-where things go from contralateral to ipsilateral
what part (sup or inf) of the medulla is open
superior
What structure does the “open” part of the medulla open onto
4th ventricle
Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum
what is the middle cerebellar peduncle made of
motor fibres from cerebellum to pons
what lies superiorly and inferiorly to the midbrain
sup- dienchephalon
inf- pons
what kind of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles
where do they go
Sensory ad motor-corticopontine, bulbular and spinal tracts
for cerebrum and other parts of brainstem
what makes up the diencephalon
pineal gland
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
name for bit inbetween the 2 lobes of cerebellum
vermis
what 2 parts of the brain are anatomically connected to the peduncles
brainstem
cererum
what ventricle lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?
4th
large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres
Median longitudinal fissure
what connects the 2 hemispheres
corpus collosum
What type of nerve fibres are contained in the corpus callosum
commissiral
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
which lobe contains the visual cortex
occipital
which lobe contains the sensory cortex
parietal
which lobe contains the auditory cortex
temporal
what procedure is done to expose the spinal chord
laminectomy
What parts of the vertebrae have to be removed to open up the spinal canal?
lamina- hence laminectomy
what muscles overly the lamina
rotatores
What ligaments might be encountered during a laminectomy
ligamentum flavum
supraspinous
interspinous ligaments
what lies in the spinal canal x5
spinal cord
meninges
intervertebral veins
spinal arteries
fat
what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in:
1. adults
2. new borns
- L2
- L3
what level does the dura and arachnoid terminate
dura- S2
arachnoid- S2
What happens to the pia mater at the end of the spinal cord
turns into conus medullaris
then filum terminale
What occupies the space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and arachnoid?
subdural space
At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?
L3-4 or 4-5
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
Is damage to the cauda equina classified as an upper or lower motor neurone lesion?
LMN
UMN vs LMN
UMN- brain to spine
LMN- spine to muscle
2 paired arteries that supply the brain
vertebral
ICA
where do the vertebral and ICA arteries join
in the circle of willis
From which arteries do the left & right vertebral arteries arise?
subclavian
At what vertebral level do the left & right internal carotid arteries arise?
C4
How is the basilar artery formed
the confluence of the vertebral arteries
basically its made of up of all the others
what part of the brainstem is most closely related to the basilar artery
pons
Which arteries complete the posterior of the Circle of Willis by linking the internal carotid
arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries?
anterior communicating artery
Which artery completes the anterior of the Circle of Willis by linking the anterior cerebral
arteries?
anterior communicating artery
which fissure/groove /sulcus does the anterior cerebral artery sit in
longitudinal cerebral fissure
which fissure/groove /sulcus does the middle cerebral artery sit in
lateral sulcus of sylvius
which fissure/groove /sulcus does the posterior cerebral artery sit in
parieto occipital sulcus
what artery supplies the primary motor cortex
Branches of the middle cerebral artery
what artery supplies the primary sensory area
medial cerebral artery
what artery supplies the primary visual cortex
post cerebral arteries and branches
what artery supplies the primary auditory area
medial cerebral artery- same as sensory
what artery supplies the area of olfaction
branch of the anterior cerebral artery called the olfactory artery
wat part of the brain does the vertebro basilar system supply
pons and medulla
Which cerebral artery runs immediately superior to the Vertebro-basilar System
post cerebral
Which cranial nerve emerges from just above the superior cerebellar artery?
occulomotor
whats the carotid sinus
a dilation at the end of the common carotid (start of ICA)
where is the pressure of blood in the head measured
in the carotid sinus
where do the sensory nerves of the carotid sinus run x2
in the glossopharyngeal nerve
the vagus nerve
whats the carotid body
an area on the posterior wall of the the end of the common carotid artery in the neck.
what does the carotid body contain
and whats it sensitive to
chemoreceptors which are sensitive to low oxygen levels (anoxia).
where do the sensory nerves from carotid body run
in glossopharyngeal nerve
what happens when carotid body detects anoxia
increases:
HR
resp rate
BP
nerves that supply the blood vessels in the brain: what does the superior cervical ganglion do
forms a plexus around the ICA
enters skull through carotid canal
where does blood in the brain drain into
dural venous sinuses
where are the dural venous sinuses found
between periosteum and cranial dura
Into which vein in the neck do thedural venous sinuses drain into?
IJV
Through which foramen in the skull does the IJV pass through
jugualr foramen
do veins in the brain have valves
no
venous connections in the brain: what does the sup opthalmic vein drain into
and what is it continuous with
cavernous sinus
facial vein
venous connections in the brain: what do the emissary veins do
connect venous sinuses to the diploe
venous connections in the brain: what is the veins in the diploe continuouse with
with the veins in the superficial fascia overlying the outer part of the skull and scalp.
venous connections in the brain: what are the inferior petrosal sinuses connected by
basilar sinus
venous connections in the brain: what does the basilar sinus also communicate with
internal vertebral sinsu
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus x5
Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Middle meningeal vein
Hypophyseal veins
what structures in skull base are closely related to the cavernous sinus x4
Pituitary fossa and gland
ICA
Temporal bone
CN II III IV V2 V3
Branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?
intracranial vertebral arteries
Which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of?
vertebral arteries or post cerebellar arteries
how do the veins in the spine work
The longitudinally oriented anterior and posterior spinal veins communicate
freely with each other
and join theinternal vertebral (epidural) venous plexuslying in the
epidural space.
where is CSF found
subarachnoid space
What other structures are present in the subarachnoid space?
everything in spinal cord:
Arachnoid trabeculae,
cerebral arteries and veins,
cranial and spinal nerves (intracranial and intravertebral
portions i.e spinal chord
Which structures does the falx cerebri separate?
left and right cerebral hemispheres
To what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?
crista galli of the ethmoid bone.
Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal sinus
Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?
Inferior saggital sinus
What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?
Occipital; lobes superiorly and
cerebellum inferiorly.
To what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?
Post clinoid process of sphenoid
Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?
straight sinus
What is the dural fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres called?
Falx cerebelli
What is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called?
diaphragm sellae
whats the middle meningeal artery a branch
maillary artery
Through which foramen in the skull does the middle meningeal artery enter the head
foramen spinosum
Which artery is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of
and within which glandular structure is it give off?
ICA
parotid
What embryological structures are ventricles formed from?
lumen of neural tube
where does the 3rd and 4th ventricle sit
3rd- diencephalon
4th- between pons and medulla
what makes CSF
choriod plexus
How does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4 th ventricle?
Through lateral and median foramina
in the roof of the 4 th ventricle
At which location is cerebrospinal fluid finally resorbed back into the general circulation?
arachnoid villi in sagittal sinus
what makes the indentations in the side of the sup sagittal sinus
Arachnoid granulations due to calcification and
hypertrophy of arachnoid villi
whats A
middle cerebellar peduncle
what fibres pass through B
motor
whats A and B
A = tonsil
B = vermis
whats the green area called
insula
To what does the filum terminale attach distally?
coccyx
a small ependymal tumour in what
can cause hydrocephalus in children
cerebral aqueduct
Which artery supplies the medial surface of the parietal lobe
ACA
The vertebral arteries arise from which artery?
subclavian
what venous sinus lies at A
straight sinus
what are denticulate ligaments
triangular ligaments that anchor the spinal cord along its length, at each side
what meninge forms the denticulate ligaments
Pia
