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Yr 2 Anatomy > Neuro Workbook 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Workbook 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in

A

posterior

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2
Q

what does the mesencephalon form

A

midbrain

M esencephalon- M idbrain

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3
Q

what does the rhombencephalon form

A

pons
medullla

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4
Q

what ventricles lie in the brainstem
and were do they sit

A

4th- behind pons
cerebral aqueduct- central cavity in midbrain

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5
Q

groove between pons and medulla

A

pontomedullary junction

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6
Q

what cranial nerves emerge from pontomedullary junction

A

5, 6, 7, 8

Trigeminal (cranial nerve V)
Abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI)
Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

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7
Q

function of the olives

A

receive inputs from motor and sensory cortices

then relays them from the
brain and spinal cord to the cerebellum.

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8
Q

function of the pyramids

A

control voluntary motor

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9
Q

what happens at the decussation of pyramids

A

where motor fibres from the medullary pyramids cross the midline

-where things go from contralateral to ipsilateral

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10
Q

what part (sup or inf) of the medulla is open

A

superior

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11
Q

What structure does the “open” part of the medulla open onto

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

what is the middle cerebellar peduncle made of

A

motor fibres from cerebellum to pons

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14
Q

what lies superiorly and inferiorly to the midbrain

A

sup- dienchephalon
inf- pons

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15
Q

what kind of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles

where do they go

A

Sensory ad motor-corticopontine, bulbular and spinal tracts

for cerebrum and other parts of brainstem

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16
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

pineal gland
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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17
Q

name for bit inbetween the 2 lobes of cerebellum

A

vermis

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18
Q

what 2 parts of the brain are anatomically connected to the peduncles

A

brainstem
cererum

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19
Q

what ventricle lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?

A

4th

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20
Q

large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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21
Q

what connects the 2 hemispheres

A

corpus collosum

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22
Q

What type of nerve fibres are contained in the corpus callosum

A

commissiral

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23
Q

which lobe contains the primary motor cortex

A

frontal

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24
Q

which lobe contains the visual cortex

A

occipital

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25
Q

which lobe contains the sensory cortex

A

parietal

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26
Q

which lobe contains the auditory cortex

A

temporal

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27
Q

what procedure is done to expose the spinal chord

A

laminectomy

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28
Q

What parts of the vertebrae have to be removed to open up the spinal canal?

A

lamina- hence laminectomy

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29
Q

what muscles overly the lamina

A

rotatores

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30
Q

What ligaments might be encountered during a laminectomy

A

ligamentum flavum
supraspinous
interspinous ligaments

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31
Q

what lies in the spinal canal x5

A

spinal cord
meninges
intervertebral veins
spinal arteries
fat

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32
Q

what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in:
1. adults
2. new borns

A
  1. L2
  2. L3
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33
Q

what level does the dura and arachnoid terminate

A

dura- S2
arachnoid- S2

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34
Q

What happens to the pia mater at the end of the spinal cord

A

turns into conus medullaris

then filum terminale

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35
Q

What occupies the space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and arachnoid?

A

subdural space

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36
Q

At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?

A

L3-4 or 4-5

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37
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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38
Q

Is damage to the cauda equina classified as an upper or lower motor neurone lesion?

A

LMN

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39
Q

UMN vs LMN

A

UMN- brain to spine

LMN- spine to muscle

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40
Q

2 paired arteries that supply the brain

A

vertebral
ICA

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41
Q

where do the vertebral and ICA arteries join

A

in the circle of willis

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42
Q

From which arteries do the left & right vertebral arteries arise?

A

subclavian

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43
Q

At what vertebral level do the left & right internal carotid arteries arise?

A

C4

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44
Q

How is the basilar artery formed

A

the confluence of the vertebral arteries

basically its made of up of all the others

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45
Q

what part of the brainstem is most closely related to the basilar artery

A

pons

46
Q

Which arteries complete the posterior of the Circle of Willis by linking the internal carotid
arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries?

A

anterior communicating artery

47
Q

Which artery completes the anterior of the Circle of Willis by linking the anterior cerebral
arteries?

A

anterior communicating artery

48
Q

which fissure/groove /sulcus does the anterior cerebral artery sit in

A

longitudinal cerebral fissure

49
Q

which fissure/groove /sulcus does the middle cerebral artery sit in

A

lateral sulcus of sylvius

50
Q

which fissure/groove /sulcus does the posterior cerebral artery sit in

A

parieto occipital sulcus

51
Q

what artery supplies the primary motor cortex

A

Branches of the middle cerebral artery

52
Q

what artery supplies the primary sensory area

A

medial cerebral artery

53
Q

what artery supplies the primary visual cortex

A

post cerebral arteries and branches

54
Q

what artery supplies the primary auditory area

A

medial cerebral artery- same as sensory

55
Q

what artery supplies the area of olfaction

A

branch of the anterior cerebral artery called the olfactory artery

56
Q

wat part of the brain does the vertebro basilar system supply

A

pons and medulla

57
Q

Which cerebral artery runs immediately superior to the Vertebro-basilar System

A

post cerebral

58
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from just above the superior cerebellar artery?

A

occulomotor

59
Q

whats the carotid sinus

A

a dilation at the end of the common carotid (start of ICA)

60
Q

where is the pressure of blood in the head measured

A

in the carotid sinus

61
Q

where do the sensory nerves of the carotid sinus run x2

A

in the glossopharyngeal nerve
the vagus nerve

62
Q

whats the carotid body

A

an area on the posterior wall of the the end of the common carotid artery in the neck.

63
Q

what does the carotid body contain
and whats it sensitive to

A

chemoreceptors which are sensitive to low oxygen levels (anoxia).

64
Q

where do the sensory nerves from carotid body run

A

in glossopharyngeal nerve

65
Q

what happens when carotid body detects anoxia

A

increases:
HR
resp rate
BP

66
Q

nerves that supply the blood vessels in the brain: what does the superior cervical ganglion do

A

forms a plexus around the ICA
enters skull through carotid canal

67
Q

where does blood in the brain drain into

A

dural venous sinuses

68
Q

where are the dural venous sinuses found

A

between periosteum and cranial dura

69
Q

Into which vein in the neck do thedural venous sinuses drain into?

A

IJV

70
Q

Through which foramen in the skull does the IJV pass through

A

jugualr foramen

71
Q

do veins in the brain have valves

A

no

72
Q

venous connections in the brain: what does the sup opthalmic vein drain into
and what is it continuous with

A

cavernous sinus
facial vein

73
Q

venous connections in the brain: what do the emissary veins do

A

connect venous sinuses to the diploe

74
Q

venous connections in the brain: what is the veins in the diploe continuouse with

A

with the veins in the superficial fascia overlying the outer part of the skull and scalp.

75
Q

venous connections in the brain: what are the inferior petrosal sinuses connected by

A

basilar sinus

76
Q

venous connections in the brain: what does the basilar sinus also communicate with

A

internal vertebral sinsu

77
Q

what veins drain into the cavernous sinus x5

A

Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Middle meningeal vein
Hypophyseal veins

78
Q

what structures in skull base are closely related to the cavernous sinus x4

A

Pituitary fossa and gland
ICA
Temporal bone
CN II III IV V2 V3

79
Q

Branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

intracranial vertebral arteries

80
Q

Which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of?

A

vertebral arteries or post cerebellar arteries

81
Q

how do the veins in the spine work

A

The longitudinally oriented anterior and posterior spinal veins communicate
freely with each other

and join theinternal vertebral (epidural) venous plexuslying in the
epidural space.

82
Q

where is CSF found

A

subarachnoid space

83
Q

What other structures are present in the subarachnoid space?

A

everything in spinal cord:
Arachnoid trabeculae,
cerebral arteries and veins,
cranial and spinal nerves (intracranial and intravertebral
portions i.e spinal chord

84
Q

Which structures does the falx cerebri separate?

A

left and right cerebral hemispheres

85
Q

To what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?

A

crista galli of the ethmoid bone.

86
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

87
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?

A

Inferior saggital sinus

88
Q

What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Occipital; lobes superiorly and
cerebellum inferiorly.

89
Q

To what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

Post clinoid process of sphenoid

90
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?

A

straight sinus

91
Q

What is the dural fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres called?

A

Falx cerebelli

92
Q

What is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called?

A

diaphragm sellae

93
Q

whats the middle meningeal artery a branch

A

maillary artery

94
Q

Through which foramen in the skull does the middle meningeal artery enter the head

A

foramen spinosum

95
Q

Which artery is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of
and within which glandular structure is it give off?

A

ICA

parotid

96
Q

What embryological structures are ventricles formed from?

A

lumen of neural tube

97
Q

where does the 3rd and 4th ventricle sit

A

3rd- diencephalon
4th- between pons and medulla

98
Q

what makes CSF

A

choriod plexus

99
Q

How does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4 th ventricle?

A

Through lateral and median foramina
in the roof of the 4 th ventricle

100
Q

At which location is cerebrospinal fluid finally resorbed back into the general circulation?

A

arachnoid villi in sagittal sinus

101
Q

what makes the indentations in the side of the sup sagittal sinus

A

Arachnoid granulations due to calcification and
hypertrophy of arachnoid villi

102
Q

whats A

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

103
Q

what fibres pass through B

A

motor

104
Q

whats A and B

A

A = tonsil

B = vermis

105
Q

whats the green area called

A

insula

106
Q

To what does the filum terminale attach distally?

A

coccyx

107
Q

a small ependymal tumour in what
can cause hydrocephalus in children

A

cerebral aqueduct

108
Q

Which artery supplies the medial surface of the parietal lobe

A

ACA

109
Q

The vertebral arteries arise from which artery?

A

subclavian

110
Q

what venous sinus lies at A

A

straight sinus

111
Q

what are denticulate ligaments

A

triangular ligaments that anchor the spinal cord along its length, at each side

112
Q

what meninge forms the denticulate ligaments

A

Pia

Yr 2 Anatomy (26 decks)

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