GI tract overview

Question 1

where does the primordial gut tube develop from

Answer 1

endoderm lining of yolk sac

Question 2

what is the primordial gut tube split into

Answer 2

foregut
midgut
hindgut

Question 3

what structures are found in the foregut

Answer 3

Primordial pharynx and its derivatives

Lower respiratory system

Esophagus and stomach

Duodenum

Liver

biliary apparatus (hepatic ducts, gall bladder, and bile duct),

pancreas

Question 4

what artery and lymph supplies the forgut

Answer 4

celiac

celiac lymph nodes

Question 5

3 constrictions of the oesophagus

Answer 5

Cervical: – 15cm from incisor teeth (IT)

Thoracic: – crossed by arch of aorta (22.5 fromIT) and left main bronchus (27.5cm from IT)

Diaphragmatic: Where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm- 40 cm from IT

Question 6

parts of the stomach

and what does the pyloric sphincter do

Answer 6

controls discharge of contents to duodenum

Question 7

where is bile

1. produced
2. transported
3. stored/concentrated

Answer 7

1. liver
2. bile ducts
3. gallbladder

Question 8

what artery supplies gallbladder

and where does it lie

Answer 8

cystic artery

inside the triangle of calot

Question 9

what doe sthe pancreas release as

exocrine

endocrine

Answer 9

exo = pancreatic juice

endo = insulin and glucagon

Question 10

what plane does the pancreaslie

Answer 10

along the transpyloric plane L1-L2

Question 11

what vein formed in relation to the pancreas and where

Answer 11

portal vein

behind the neck

Question 12

branches of the celiac trunk in foregut

and where they run / supply

Answer 12

1) Left gastric artery – runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach
2) Hepatic artery – supply liver and gallbladder
3) Splenic artery – Runs retroperitoneally along the superior (upper) margin of the pancreas

Question 13

structures in the midgut

Answer 13

• Small intestine including most of duodenum
• The cecum,
• appendix
• ascending colon
• right half to two-thirds of the transverse colon

Question 14

what part of the duodenum receives bile and pancreatic duct

Answer 14

second part

Question 15

how to tell the difference between the jejunum and ileum

Answer 15

basically, ileum had more loops of blood vessels (arcades)

Question 16

midgut blood supply

and lymph

Answer 16

Superior mesenteric artery

Main branches: Jejunal and ileal arteries

Other branches: Middle colic, right colic and iliocoloic

superior mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 17

Hind gut structures

and artery

Answer 17

• Left one-third of transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum
• upper part of anal canal
• Epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra

•Inferior Mesenteric artery

Question 18

how is the large intestine different from the small

Answer 18

• Omental appedices – small, fatty, peritoneal like projections
  
  • Haustra or sacculations- constriction and bulges
• Teniae coli – Thickened bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)

Question 19

appendix definition

Answer 19

Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue

Question 20

what is the most common position of appendix

and where is it most painful during infection

Answer 20

Retrocecal

macburneys point

Question 21

blood and lymph supply of hind gut

Answer 21

Inferior mesenteric artery

Origin: Anterior branch of abdominal aorta (L3)

Branches: Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery

Superior rectal artery is the terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery

Question 22

parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation nerves

Answer 22

para = vagus and pelvic splanic nerves S2-4

sympathetic = abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves- greater T5-9, lesser T10-11, and less T12

prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

abdo aortic plexus

Question 23

what are portocaval shunts

Answer 23

venous enlargement during portal vein obstruction

Question 24

where can portocaval shunts occur

Answer 24

anorectal junction

gastroesophageal junction

at umbilicus

Question 25

symptoms of portocaval shunts

Answer 25

haemorrhoids

esophagael varices

caput medusae

Question 26

3 groups nodes of the lumbar nodes

Answer 26

pre artic

lateral aortic

retro aortic

Question 27

what nodes are included in the pre aortic group

Answer 27

coeliac

superior and inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 28

what organs drain into the pre aortic lymph group

Answer 28

organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta

Question 29

what organs drain into lateral aortic lymph group

Answer 29

organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

Question 30

what organs drain into retro aortic lymph group

Answer 30

post abdominal wall