Neuro Development

Question 1

First, the brain establishes__?

Answer 1

distinct brain regions

Question 2

second, the neuroprogenitor cells differentiate to?

Answer 2

neurons or glia

Question 3

much of the brain development is during

Answer 3

the first trimester

Question 4

when does myelination begin?

Answer 4

postnatally… remember babinski sign in babies

Question 5

four expansions of the neural tube

Answer 5

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, spinal cord

Question 6

prosencephalon separates to make __ and __

Answer 6

telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 7

rhombencephalon separates to make __ AND __

Answer 7

metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 8

telencephalon becomes what three things

Answer 8

paleocortex, corpus striatum, neocortex

Question 9

diencephalon becomes what four things

Answer 9

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, indifundibulum

Question 10

mesencephalon becomes what three things

Answer 10

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles

Question 11

rhombic lip significance

Answer 11

lip of the hindbrain; this is where the cerbellum begins to develop

Question 12

tectum is?

Answer 12

roof of midbrain

Question 13

REMEMBER: neural plate makes two parts

Answer 13

the neural crest and the neural tube

Question 14

name a few things that are responsible for the molecular signals that induce cell and tissue differentiation

Answer 14

notochord, somites, ectoderm, and floorplate

Question 15

what is the floorplate?

Answer 15

it is the ventral section of the neural tube (the side that is close to the notocord) it apparently guides the motor neurons to the correct location

Question 16

lamina terminalis is from what part of the embryo

Answer 16

anterior part of the neural tube that zips together

Question 17

name the three flexures during the developing brain

Answer 17

cephalic flexure, pontine flexure, cervical flexure

Question 18

name of brain segments

Answer 18

rhombomeres!! little clumps of the nervous system

Question 19

does everything come from a rhombomere?

Answer 19

nope. but usually in the neural tube, and especially in the medulla. these little areas have their own little nerves and pathways that develop from them.

Question 20

what is the adult result of rhombomeres

Answer 20

you can see the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal nerves come out and clump together. this is because of the rhombomeres

Question 21

sulcus limitans

Answer 21

area that separates the alar and basilar plates

Question 22

what is the roof plate?

Answer 22

that is the dorsal plate of the neural tube; it separates the left and right alar plates

Question 23

there is a neural tube and pial surface with neurons in between. where does the neuroblast divide?

Answer 23

near the neural tube.

Question 24

how would you study where a neuroprogenitor cell goes?

Answer 24

you can use birthdating. inject them with a marker and see where they go. if the cell keeps dividing, you won’t see them as well, but if they stop dividing, then you will very clearly see where they are.

Question 25

what layer of the cortex is the newest/freshest

Answer 25

in the telencephalon, its the cortex, layer 1. in the diencephalon, its opposite

Question 26

what kind of glial cell comes from neural crest

Answer 26

schwaan cells

Question 27

what glial cell helps the neurons migrate?

Answer 27

radial glial cell

Question 28

anencephaly/merocephaly is from?

Answer 28

defect in the anterior neuropore (adult lamina terminalis)

Question 29

holoprosencephaly

Answer 29

filure of midline cleavage of embryonic forebrain; in trisomy 13, can be associated with fetal alcohol syndrome and agenesis of corpus callosum

Question 30

arnold-chiari syndrome

Answer 30

herniation of cbellar tonsils into the foramen magnum; crushes the developing medulla and can cause a cavitation of the medulla

Question 31

syringomyelia and syringobulbia

Answer 31

“bulbar” refers to brain stem. look up specifics

Question 32

myeloschisis

Answer 32

this is a posterior neural tube defect

Question 33

neural crest cells can become

Answer 33

melanocytes, connective tissue, pseudopolar ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves, chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla), peripheral glia, leptomeninges, multipolar ganglion cells ans

Question 34

embryonic origin of chorioid plexus

Answer 34

blood born mesenchymal tissue that goes to the brain

Question 35

REMEMBER: what will a somite become

Answer 35

has a dermatome part (skin); scelerotome (vertebrae); and myotome (muscles)

Question 36

what does a placode have to do with placode

Answer 36

ectoderm that mixes with neural crest cells to become cranial nerve ganglia

Question 37

ventricle of prosencephalon

Answer 37

lateral ventricles

Question 38

dandy-walker syndrome

Answer 38

agenesis of corpus callosum; cerebellar aplasia; enlarged 4th ventricle; from riboflavin inhibitors, posterior fossa trauma or viral infection

Question 39

internal capsule is always between??

Answer 39

thalamus and basal ganglia. even during development

Question 40

once the brainstem splits open, what happens to the alar plate?

Answer 40

it moves laterally

Question 41

CNs with GVE

Answer 41

3, 7, 9, 10.

Question 42

embryonic origin of substantia nigra

Answer 42

alar column

Question 43

direction of diencephalon development

Answer 43

the first cells born, ride the radial glial cell to the farthest edge of the diencephalong. this directionality is opposite from the telencephalon

Question 44

tangental migrations involved in

Answer 44

cortex develoipment; usually these cells are GABAergic

Question 45

lissencephaly

Answer 45

gyri fail to form in cerebral cortex; smooth brain surface

Question 46

heterotopia

Answer 46

disrupted migration of cerebral cortex

Question 47

reelin

Answer 47

influences detachment of a newly born cell from a radial glial cell

Question 48

flexure of the rhombic lip

Answer 48

pontine

Question 49

three layers of the cerebellum

Answer 49

the inner layer is the inner granular layer; then is the purkinje cells, then is the molecular layer

Question 50

where does the internal granular layer come from

Answer 50

originally it is a layer of cells from the midbrain. they cover the cerebellum and then the cells jump on the radial glial cells and migrate INWARD.

Question 51

where do the purkinje cells come from

Answer 51

they are made in the ventricular zone and then they get on the radial glia and migrate OUTWARD;

Question 52

medulloblastoma

Answer 52

a tumor because the granular cells are never turned off

Question 53

netrin vs semaphorin

Answer 53

netrin is attractive to axons; semaphorins are repulsive

Question 54

beaded axon is

Answer 54

usually its an axon that expresses peptides; it has tons of synapses along the axon

Question 55

when are neurons programmed to go to a certain location?

Answer 55

before they even leave, they know where to go

Question 56

you produce synapses during ____; and you get rid of the unneccessary ones during ____

Answer 56

development and childhood; teen years

Question 57

trophic factor regulates what three steps

Answer 57

1) match the number of neurons to the available space on the target
2) make sure that the pre and post synaptic neurons match NT types)
3) stabalized the connections between axon and the target

Question 58

climbing fiber relationship to purkinge fibers

Answer 58

there is only ONE climbing fiber per purkinje fiber

Question 59

Cells that fire together____

Answer 59

wire together; basically, if yo use the synapse, it stays