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Step 1- System embryology, A and P > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal roots control

A

sensory

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2
Q

ventral roots control

A

motor

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3
Q

alar plate becomes

A

dorsal

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4
Q

basal plate becomes

A

ventral

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5
Q

amniotic fluid testfor neural tube defects

A

elevated AFP and AChE

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6
Q

meningocele

A

meneges (but not cord) herniate through spinal canal defect

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7
Q

meningomyelocele

A

meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect

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8
Q

significant cerebellar tonsillar and vermian herniation through foramen magnum with stenosis and hydrocephalus

A

arnold-Chari malformation

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9
Q

agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle

A

dandy-walker

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10
Q

cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord

A

syringomyelia

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11
Q

sx of syringomyelia

A

cape-like loss of bilateral loss of pain and temp sensation in upper extremities

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12
Q

motor innervation of tounge

A

XII

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13
Q

sensation of tounge, front to back

A

V3, IX in very back

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14
Q

taste of tounge, front to back

A

VII, to IX in very back

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15
Q

degeneration of injured axon distal to injury and retraction proximally

A

wallerian degeneration

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16
Q

astrocyte marker

A

GFAP

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17
Q

use of astrocytes

A

physical support, repair, K+ metabolism, maintain of BBB

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18
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

microglia

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19
Q

HIV effect on microglia

A

fuse them to form multinucleated giant cells

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20
Q

makes myelin

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann cells

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21
Q

cells destroyed in MS

A

oligodenroglia

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22
Q

cells destroyed in GB

A

schwann cells

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23
Q

pain and temp nerve endings

A

free nerve endings (C and alpha fibers)

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24
Q

fine/light touch, position sense receptors

A

meissner’s (large mylenated fibers)

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25
Q

vibration/pressure sense receptors

A

pacinian (large mylenated fibers)

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26
Q

pressure, deep touch

A

merkel’s (large mylenated fibers)

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27
Q

NE synthesised in the

A

locus cereleus

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28
Q

dopamine synthesised in the

A

ventral tegemtum and midbrain

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29
Q

5-HT synthesised in the

A

rephe nucleus of Pons

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30
Q

Ach synthesised in the

A

basal nucelus of meynert

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31
Q

GABA synthesised in the

A

nucleus accumbens

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32
Q

forms BBB

A

tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
basement membranes
astrocyte foot processes

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33
Q

type of molecule that can cross BBB

A

nonpolar/lipid solulabe

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34
Q

makes ADH

A

supraoptic nucleus of hypothalmus

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35
Q

makes oxytocin

A

paraventricular nucleus

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36
Q

area if hypothalmus controlling hunger

A

lateral area

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37
Q

area if hypothalmus controlling saiety

A

ventromedial

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38
Q

area if hypothalmus controlling cooling/PNS

A

anterior (A/C anterior cooling)

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39
Q

area if hypothalmus controlling heating/ANS

A

posterior

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40
Q

area of thalmus controlling body sensation

A

VPL

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41
Q

area of thalmus controlling facial sensation

A

VPM (Makeup)

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42
Q

area of thalmus controlling vision

A

:LGN (light)

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43
Q

area of thalmus controlling hearing

A

MGN (music)

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44
Q

area of thalmus controlling motor

A

area of thalmus controlling

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45
Q

input to MGN

A

superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

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46
Q

input to cerebellum

A

contralateral cortex via middle peduncle

ipsilateral prioperceptve info via inferior peduncle (from climbing and mossy fibres)

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47
Q

output from cerebellum

A

to contralateral cortex to modulate movement

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48
Q

lateral cerebellum controls

A

voluntary extremety movement

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49
Q

medial cerebellum controls

A

balance and trunk coordination

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50
Q

pathway facilitating movement in basal ganglia

A

direct

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51
Q

pathway inhibiting movement in basal ganglia

A

indirect

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52
Q

basal ganglia nucleus from lateral to medial

A

putamen, GPe, Gpi, STN

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53
Q

lewy bodies found in

A

parkinson’s

54
Q

comprises lewy bodies

A

a-synnuclein

55
Q

NTs lost in huntington’s

A

ACh and GABA in

56
Q

sudden wild flailling in one arm and possibly ipilateral leg

A

hemiballismus

57
Q

lesion causing hemiballimus

A

contralateral STN

58
Q

lesion causing chorea

A

BG (putamen)

59
Q

intention tremor caused by lesion of

A

cerebellum

60
Q

broca’s is in the front or back?

A

front

61
Q

lesion of amygdala causes

A

kluver bucy (hyper sexm hyperoral, disinhibited behavior)

62
Q

lesion right parietel lobe causes

A

hemispatial neglect in left

63
Q

lesion in RAS casues

A

reduced arousal and wakefullness

64
Q

lesion in STN causes

A

contralateral hemibalismus

65
Q

lesion in hippocampus causes

A

anterograde amnesioa

66
Q

lesion in PPRF casues

A

eyes look away from side of lesion

67
Q

lesion in frontal eye fields cause

A

eyes to look toward lesion

68
Q

too rapid hypanatriemua correction can cause

A

contral pontine myelanolysis

69
Q

conduction aphasia

A

poor repetition -damage to arcuate fasiculus

70
Q

MCA stroke sx

A

motor - contralateral paralysis of upper limb and face

Sensory - contrlateral loss of sensation of upper limb and face

termporal - aphasia (dominant)/hemineglect (nondominant - usally right)

71
Q

ACA stroke sx

A

contralateral loss of sensation or paralysis on lower limb

72
Q

lateral striate artery (common in hypertension)

A

contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis

73
Q

ASA stroke sx

A

(medial medullary syndrome)

contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis
loss of contralateral proprioception
ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction

74
Q

PICA stroke sx

A

lateral medullary syndomr

loss of pain and temp to limbs and face, dysphagia, horseness, ipsilateral horner’s, ataxia

75
Q

AICA stroke sx

A

lateral pontine syndrome
(vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, ipsilateral loss of hearing, loss of corneal reflex
FACIAL DROOP

76
Q

PCA stroke sx

A

contralateral heminopia with macular sparing

77
Q

anterior communication artery stroke sx

A

visual field defects (usally anyrusms, not strokes)

78
Q

posterior communicationg artery streoke sx

A

CN III palsy (eye down and out, ptosis and pupil dilation)

79
Q

most common site for berry aneurysm

A

bifurcation of ACA

80
Q

dural venous sinuses drain into

A

internal jugular

81
Q

sx of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

urinary incontenince, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction

82
Q

level to do LP

A

L3 to L5

83
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract contros

A

crude touch - pressure

84
Q

lateral corticospinal tract controls

A

voluntary motor

85
Q

dorsalcolumns control

A

pressure, vibration, touch, priopercetion

86
Q

lateral spinothalmic tracts control

A

pain, temp

87
Q

intermediate horn sympathetics levels

A

T1-L2/L3

88
Q

brown sequard syndrome sx

A

ipsilateral loss of tactile, vibration, below lesion

contralateral loss of pain and temp below lesion

ipsilateral loss of sensation and LMN signs AT level of lesion

89
Q

brown sequard syndrome level that may present eith horners

A

T1

90
Q

Horner’s triad

A

ptosis, anhidrosis, miosis

91
Q

nipple dermatome

A

T4

92
Q

umbillicus dermatome

A

T10

93
Q

biceps nerve root

A

C5

94
Q

triceps nerve root

A

C7

95
Q

patella nerve root

A

L4

96
Q

achilles nerve root

A

S1

97
Q

babinski sign

A

+ is dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning of others - sign of UMN lesion

98
Q

conjugate gaze center

A

superior coliculli

99
Q

audtory center

A

inferior colliculi

100
Q

midbrain nuclei

A

III, IV

101
Q

pons nuclei

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

102
Q

medulla nuclei

A

XI, X, XII

103
Q

spinal cord nuclieo

A

XI

104
Q

afferent/efferent corneal reflux

A

V1/VII

105
Q

afferent/efferent lacrimation

A

V1/VII

106
Q

afferent/efferentjaw jerk

A

V3/V3

107
Q

motor inervation to masseter

A

V3

108
Q

afferent/efferent pulillary reflex

A

II/III

109
Q

afferent/efferent gag reflex

A

IX, X

110
Q

nucleus solitarious nerves

A

VII, IX, X

111
Q

nuceu ambiguus nerves

A

IX, X (motor innercation to pharynx, larynx, and esophagus)

112
Q

dorsal motor nucleu nerves

A

X

113
Q

travel through cavernous sinus

A

III, IV, V1/2, VI and postganglionic SNS fibers. Also internal carotid

114
Q

sx of cranial nerves toward lesion

A

V, XII

115
Q

sx of cranial nerves away from lesion

A

X, XI

116
Q

sx of UMN facial lesion

A

contralateral paralysis of lower face

117
Q

sx of LMN facial lesion

A

ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face

118
Q

dxs that can cause facial nerve palsy

A

AIDS, lyme dx, herpes, sarcoidosis, tumors and diabetes

119
Q

idopathic facial nerve palsy

A

Bell’s

120
Q

mastication muscles

A

masseter, temporalis, medial ptyeragoid

121
Q

inverates mastication muscles

A

V3

122
Q

sx of central retinal atery occlusion

A

acute painless monocular vision - retinal whiting with cherry red spot

123
Q

chronic glaucoma type

A

open angle (more comoon)

124
Q

glaucoma that can come on suddenly

A

closed angle

125
Q

what NOT to give in acute closed angle glaucoma

A

epi

126
Q

innervates lateral rectus

A

CN VI (damage is medially drected eye that cannot abduct)

127
Q

innervates superior oblique

A

CN IV (damage is “problems going down stairs”)

128
Q

innervates most eye muscles

A

III (damage is eye down and out, ptosis, pupillary dialation and loss of accomidation)

129
Q

tx for dry macular degeneration

A

multivitamin and antioxidants

130
Q

tx for wet macular degeneration

A

anti-VEGF

131
Q

tracts that allow for eyes to move in same direction

A

Medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)

Step 1- System embryology, A and P (10 decks)

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