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Step 1- System embryology, A and P > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of transposition of great vessels

A

failure of truncus arteriosis to spiral

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2
Q

cause of tertology of fallot

A

skewed AP septum development

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3
Q

cause of persisant trunctus arteriosis

A

partial AP Septum development

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4
Q

eisnmenger’s syndrome

A

initial left to right shunt reversing to right to left due to onset of pulmonary hypertension

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5
Q

foreamen primum is on the ____ of the atrial septum

A

bottom

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6
Q

foramen ovale develops from the

A

foramen secundum

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7
Q

fetal hemoglobin chains

A

a2g2

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8
Q

when bone marrow starts erythopoesis

A

22 wks development on

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9
Q

erythropesis organs during early development

A

liver and spleen

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10
Q

helps close the PDA

A

indomethacin

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11
Q

keep the PDA open

A

prostaglandins E1 and E2

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12
Q

path of fetal circulation

A

umbilical vein –> ductus venosus –> foramen ovale, ductus –> aorta –> systemic baby circulation/umbilical arteries

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13
Q

RCA supplies

A

SA and AV nodes

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14
Q

most common coronary artery to be occluded

A

LAD

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15
Q

coronary arteries fill during

A

diastole

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16
Q

supplies lateral and posterier walls of LV

A

L circumflex

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17
Q

LAD supplies

A

anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior surface of LV

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18
Q

supplies RV

A

acute marginal artery

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19
Q

Posterior decending supplies

A

posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles

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20
Q

CO =

A

SV x HR

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21
Q

Fick principle

A

CO = rate of O2 consumption /(arterial o2 content-venous o2 content)

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22
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

A

CO x total peripheral resistance or

2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/2 systolic pressure

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23
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

systolic pressure- diastolic pressure

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24
Q

sx of left atrium enlargement

A

dysphagia (pressure on esophagus)

hoarseness (pressure on left laryngeal nerve)

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25
Q

effects stroke volume

A

contractility (direct effect)
afterload (indirect effect)
preload (direct effect)

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26
Q

venodilators lower

A

preload

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27
Q

vasodilators lower

A

afterload

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28
Q

starling’s law

A

force of contraction is proportional to end diastolic lenght of cardiac muscle fiber (preload)

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29
Q

ejection fraction =

A

SV/EDV = (EDV-ESV)/EDV

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30
Q

normal EF

A

greater than 54% (lower is systolic HF)

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31
Q

total resistance in series

A

additive

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32
Q

total resistance in parrell

A

1/TR = 1/r1+1/r2……

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33
Q

can raise blood viscosity

A

polycythemia, hyperprotenemia, hereditay spherocytosis

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34
Q

at S3 the…

A

Mitral valve opens

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35
Q

S1 is the sound of

A

mitral valve/Tricuspid valve closing

36
Q

S2 is the sound of

A

Aortic/pulmonic valve closing

37
Q

highest pressure in the cardiac cycle

A

S2/Aortic vavle closure/ESV

38
Q

time of the lowest presssure in the cardiac cycle

A

from when the mitral valve opens to when it closes

39
Q

period of highest cardiac O2 consuption

A

isovolumetric contraction - from when mitral valve closes and aortic valve opens

40
Q

rapid filling

A

period just after mitral vavle opening

41
Q

When an S3 is heard

A

during rapid ventricular filling

42
Q

conditions where an S3 might be heard

A

mitral regurg, CHF, dilated ventricles

43
Q

when an S4 might be heard

A

late diastole

44
Q

conditions where an S4 might be heard

A

ventricular hypertrophy

45
Q

valve timing in cardiac cycle (LV)

A

mitral valve closes, aortic valve clses, aortic vavlve closes, mitral valve closes

46
Q

dicrotic notch

A

at time of aortic vavle closure (S2)

47
Q

QRS complex coresponds to what valve movement

A

mitral vavle closes

48
Q

can cause wide splitting

A

anything that delays RV emptying

49
Q

can cause fixed splitting

A

ASD,

50
Q

can cause paradoxical splitting

A

anything that delays LV emptying

51
Q

murmurs in Aortic area

A

(all systolic murmers) aortic stenosis

52
Q

disastolic murmurs in left sternal border

A

aortic regurg, pulmonic regerg,

53
Q

systolic murmurs in left sternal border

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

54
Q

systolic murmurs in pulmonic area

A

pulmonic stenosis

55
Q

pansystolic murmurs in tricuspid area

A

tricuspid area, VSD

56
Q

diastolic murmurs in tricuspid area

A

ASD, tricuspid stenosis

57
Q

systolic murmur in mitral area

A

systolic murmur

58
Q

diastolic mumur in mitral area

A

diastolic murmur

59
Q

holosystolic blowing murmur

A

mitral - MVP

tricuspid - RV dialation

60
Q

crecendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmor after click

A

Aortic stenosis

61
Q

harsh, holosystolic murmur

A

VSD

62
Q

late systolic crecendo murmur with midsystololic click

A

MVP

63
Q

blowing diastolic decrescendo murmur

A

AR

64
Q

delayed rumbling late diastolic murmur

A

MS

65
Q

continuous machine-like murmur

A

PDA

66
Q

Ventricular Phase 0

A

rapid upstroke - Na channels open

67
Q

Ventricular Phase 1

A

initial repolarazation - inactivation of Na channels, opening of K channels

68
Q

Ventricular Phase 2

A

plateau - Ca influx balances K efflux

69
Q

Ventricular phase 3

A

rapid repolarization, massive K influx and closure of Ca channels

70
Q

Ventricular phase 4

A

resting potential - high K permeability through channals

71
Q

pacemaker phase 2

A

not present

72
Q

pacemaker phase 3

A

inactiviation of the Ca channels and activation of the K channels (K efflux)

73
Q

pacemaker phase 0

A

upstroke - opening of voltage gated Ca channels

74
Q

P wave represents

A

Atrial depolarization

75
Q

PR interval represents

A

conduction delay through AV node

76
Q

QRS complex represents

A

ventricular depolarization

77
Q

QT interval represents

A

mechanical contraction of the ventricles

78
Q

ST segment represents

A

isoelectric, ventricles depolarized

79
Q

U wave caused by

A

hypokalemia, bradycardia

80
Q

causes congenital long QT

A

defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels

81
Q

treatment for long QT

A

magnesum sulfate

82
Q

tx for A fib

A

rate control, anticoag, possible cardioversion

83
Q

tx for a flutter

A

IA, IC, III antiarrithmycs/Beta blocker or CCB

84
Q

tx for V fib

A

CPR and defib

85
Q

ANP function

A

released by atrial myocytes in resoponse to high BP and atrial pressure. causes generalized vascula relaxation and decreased Na reabsorption at kidneys

86
Q

good approximation of LA pressure

A

pulmonary wedge pressure

Step 1- System embryology, A and P (10 decks)

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