Neuro Flashcards
Degeneration of an axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
Wallerian degeneration
Elevation of Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels in amniotic fluid and maternal Blood is indication of
Neural Tube Defect
What cells are injured in Guillain-Barre syndrome
Schwann Cells
Most common cause of Meningitis in ADULTS and ELDERLY
Streptococcus pneumonea
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Ophthalmoplegia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation, personality changes. Lesion is
Mammillary bodies (bilateral)
In which condition is there a Decrease in ACH only
Alzheimer Disease
What produces CSF
Choroid Plexus
The 3rd and 4th brachial arches give rise to which portion of the tongue
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS activated in response to tissue damage
Microglia
In which condition is there an INCREASE in Dopamine with a DECREASE in both ACH and GABA
Huntington Disease
Flow of CSF from Lateral Ventricle to 3rd ventricle is via
Interventricular Foramen of Monro
The nervous system is from Neuroectoderm except
Microglia
Astrocyte is derived from
Neuroectoderm.
Herniation of Tonsils and Vermis through foramen of magnum with aqueductal stenosis
Arnold Chiari malformation (type 2)
Where are the following neurotransmitters synthesized Acetylcholine Dopamine GABA NOREPINEPHRINE SEROTONIN
Acetylcholine--- Basal Nucleus of Meynert Dopamine-------- Ventral Tegmentum, SNc GABA-------------- Nucleus Accumbens Norepinephrine-- Locus Ceruleus Serotonin--------- Raphe nucleus
Tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis. Where is the lesion
BASAL ganglia.
Which peripheral nerve fiber must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
Perineurium
Ventral postero-MEDIAL nucleus is responsible for
Facial sensation and Taste
Fried egg appearance on histology
Oligodendrogioma
Absence of the skull and brain (disruption of the cranial end of the neural tube)
Anencephaly
Hypothalamic area involved in HEATING (sympathetic)
Posterior hypothalamus
Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close resulting in disruption in caudal end plate
Spina bifida
Most common cause of Meningitis in NON-VACCINATED INFANTS
Hemophilus Influenza
Motor innervation via CN X to Palatoglossus is for
Elevation of the posterior tongue during swallowing
Medication for night terrors and sleep walking by decreasing stage N3 and REM sleep
Benzodiazepines.
Holoprosencephaly may be as result in a mutation in
Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway
Loss of motor tone, dreaming, nightmares and penile/clitoral tumescence occur in
REM sleep
Inability to make new memories (anterograde amnesia)
Lesion is in the HIPPOCAMPUS
Sensory loss of PAIN and TEMPERATURE with Sparing of FINE TOUCH and position sense in upper extremities (cap-like distribution)
Syringomyelia
For depressing the tongue and retracting the tongue
Hyoglossus
Sensation and taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is via
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Failure of the right and left hemisphere t separate. MRI reveals mono-ventricle and fusion of basal ganglia
Holoprosencephaly
For sleep and circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is developed from
1st and 2nd brachial arches
Which medications are associated with decrease REM sleep and Delta waves
Alcohol
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Motor innervation of the tongue is mainly through
CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
Which area of the hypothalamus controls SATIETY and stimulation is
Ventromedial area
Stimulated by Leptin
Bases of Microglia is
Mesoderm
Which area of the hypothalamus controls HUNGER and what stimulates it
Lateral Area
stimulated by Ghrelin
Which neurotransmitter is increased in Schizophrenia
Dopamine
Most common cause of Meningitis in Children and Teenagers
Neissiria Meningitides
What gene is involved in Freidrich Ataxia
Frataxin gene
Synthesis of ADH and oxytocin
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Autosomal recessive disorder due to trinucleotide repeat GAA
Freidreich Ataxia
Lateral geniculate nucleus sends in put through CN II and the destination is
Calcarine sulcus
Protrusion of meninges and spinal cord
Meningomyelocele
What cardiologic condition is a person with Friedrich Ataxia at increased risk of
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Massively dilated 4th ventricle (posterior fossa) with an ABSENT cerebellum
Dandy-Walker Malformation
The Genioglossus nerve of the tongue is for
Protrusion of the tongue
Marker for Astrocytes
GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Proteins)
Hypothalamic area involved in COOLING thermoregulation (parasympathetic)
Anterior hypothalamus
In which disease is there an Increase in ACH, Decrease Dopamine and Decrease Serotonin
Parkinson’s Disease
MEDIAL geniculate nucleus is responsible for
Hearing (Medial=music)
Loss of vibratory sense and proprioception, muscle weakness in the lower extremities and loss of deep tendon reflexes
Freidreich Ataxia
Congenital extension of cerebellar tonsils through the Foramen Magnum
Arnold-Chiari Malformation (Type 1)
Which medication is useful in treating bedwetting (sleep enuresis)
Star chart--- 1st line therapy Oral Desmopressin (PREFERRED) Imipramine
How does ALS present
ANTERIOR MOTOR HORN– (Lower motor neuron sign– Flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations (muscle twitch) with weakness and decreased muscle tone. Negative Babinski sign
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL– (Upper motor neuron sign– Spastic paralysis with hyper-reflexia, increased muscle tone and positive babinski sign
What is the most common cause of Hydrocephalus in new borns
Accumulation of CSF in ventricular Space
Taste of the anterior 2/3 is via
CN VII (Facial)
Disinhibited behavior (hyperphagia, hyper-sexuality, hyperorality)– Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Where is the lesion
Amygdala
For neuronal support, repair, extracellular K buffer, removal of excess neurotransmitter, component of blood brain barrier
Astrocyte
Most common cause of Meningitis in NEONATES
- Group B Strep
- Ecoli
- Listeria Monocytogenes
What is involved in syringomyelia
Anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract
What carries ADH and oxytocin down the axon to posterior pituitary where they are stored and released
NEUROPHYSINS
Bedwetting, sleepwalking, night terrors occur in
Stage N3 (Delta waves)
Protrusion of meninges
Meningocele
Oligodendrocyte is derived from
Neuroectoderm
Which thalamic nucleus is responsible for Vibration, Pain Pressure Proprioception Light touch, temperature
Ventral Postero-LATERAL Nucleus
Which neurotransmitter is elevated in Anxiety
Norepinephrine
What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Degeneration of anterior motor horn, Lateral Corticospinal tract degeneration
Injury to an axon can cause
Wallerian degeneration
Flow from 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle is via
Cerebral Aqueduct
In what conditions is OLIGODENDROCYTES injured in
Multiple sclerosis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Leukodystrophy
What is the cause of Poliomyelitis
Damage to the Anterior motor horn due to Poliovirus
Where does Syringomyelia usually occur at
C8-T1
Flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations (muscle twitch) with weakness and decreased muscle tone. Negative Babinski sign
Poliomyelitis
LATERAL geniculate nucleus is responsible for
Vision (Lateral=light)
Sensation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is from
Cranial nerve V3
Dimple or patch of hair overlying the vertebral defect
Spina bifida
What is the cause of maternal polyhydrominos
Disruption of fetal swallowing center
Flow of CSF from 4th ventricle to the Subarachnoid space is via
Foramina of Magendie and Luschka
What sleep stage does BRUXISM (teeth grinding) occur
Stage N2 (Sleep spindles and K complexes)
Ventral Postero-Lateral Nucleus sends input through
Spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemnicus
What motor nerve draws the tongue side to side and for upward movement to help in swallowing
Styloglossus
What is Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis
Congenital stenosis of the channel that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th
In Schwannoma and acoustic neuroma which cranial nerve is affected
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)
