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SMART 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Degeneration of an axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally

A

Wallerian degeneration

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2
Q

Elevation of Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels in amniotic fluid and maternal Blood is indication of

A

Neural Tube Defect

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3
Q

What cells are injured in Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Schwann Cells

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4
Q

Most common cause of Meningitis in ADULTS and ELDERLY

A

Streptococcus pneumonea

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5
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Ophthalmoplegia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation, personality changes. Lesion is

A

Mammillary bodies (bilateral)

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6
Q

In which condition is there a Decrease in ACH only

A

Alzheimer Disease

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7
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid Plexus

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8
Q

The 3rd and 4th brachial arches give rise to which portion of the tongue

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

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9
Q

Phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS activated in response to tissue damage

A

Microglia

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10
Q

In which condition is there an INCREASE in Dopamine with a DECREASE in both ACH and GABA

A

Huntington Disease

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11
Q

Flow of CSF from Lateral Ventricle to 3rd ventricle is via

A

Interventricular Foramen of Monro

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12
Q

The nervous system is from Neuroectoderm except

A

Microglia

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13
Q

Astrocyte is derived from

A

Neuroectoderm.

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14
Q

Herniation of Tonsils and Vermis through foramen of magnum with aqueductal stenosis

A

Arnold Chiari malformation (type 2)

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15
Q 
Where are the following neurotransmitters synthesized
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
GABA
NOREPINEPHRINE
SEROTONIN
A 
Acetylcholine--- Basal Nucleus of Meynert
Dopamine-------- Ventral Tegmentum, SNc
GABA-------------- Nucleus Accumbens
Norepinephrine-- Locus Ceruleus
Serotonin--------- Raphe nucleus
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16
Q

Tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis. Where is the lesion

A

BASAL ganglia.

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17
Q

Which peripheral nerve fiber must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

A

Perineurium

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18
Q

Ventral postero-MEDIAL nucleus is responsible for

A

Facial sensation and Taste

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19
Q

Fried egg appearance on histology

A

Oligodendrogioma

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20
Q

Absence of the skull and brain (disruption of the cranial end of the neural tube)

A

Anencephaly

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21
Q

Hypothalamic area involved in HEATING (sympathetic)

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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22
Q

Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close resulting in disruption in caudal end plate

A

Spina bifida

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23
Q

Most common cause of Meningitis in NON-VACCINATED INFANTS

A

Hemophilus Influenza

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24
Q

Motor innervation via CN X to Palatoglossus is for

A

Elevation of the posterior tongue during swallowing

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25
Q

Medication for night terrors and sleep walking by decreasing stage N3 and REM sleep

A

Benzodiazepines.

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26
Q

Holoprosencephaly may be as result in a mutation in

A

Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway

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27
Q

Loss of motor tone, dreaming, nightmares and penile/clitoral tumescence occur in

A

REM sleep

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28
Q

Inability to make new memories (anterograde amnesia)

A

Lesion is in the HIPPOCAMPUS

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29
Q

Sensory loss of PAIN and TEMPERATURE with Sparing of FINE TOUCH and position sense in upper extremities (cap-like distribution)

A

Syringomyelia

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30
Q

For depressing the tongue and retracting the tongue

A

Hyoglossus

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31
Q

Sensation and taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is via

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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32
Q

Failure of the right and left hemisphere t separate. MRI reveals mono-ventricle and fusion of basal ganglia

A

Holoprosencephaly

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33
Q

For sleep and circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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34
Q

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is developed from

A

1st and 2nd brachial arches

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35
Q

Which medications are associated with decrease REM sleep and Delta waves

A

Alcohol
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates

36
Q

Motor innervation of the tongue is mainly through

A

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

37
Q

Which area of the hypothalamus controls SATIETY and stimulation is

A

Ventromedial area

Stimulated by Leptin

38
Q

Bases of Microglia is

A

Mesoderm

39
Q

Which area of the hypothalamus controls HUNGER and what stimulates it

A

Lateral Area

stimulated by Ghrelin

40
Q

Which neurotransmitter is increased in Schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

41
Q

Most common cause of Meningitis in Children and Teenagers

A

Neissiria Meningitides

42
Q

What gene is involved in Freidrich Ataxia

A

Frataxin gene

43
Q

Synthesis of ADH and oxytocin

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

44
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder due to trinucleotide repeat GAA

A

Freidreich Ataxia

45
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus sends in put through CN II and the destination is

A

Calcarine sulcus

46
Q

Protrusion of meninges and spinal cord

A

Meningomyelocele

47
Q

What cardiologic condition is a person with Friedrich Ataxia at increased risk of

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

48
Q

Massively dilated 4th ventricle (posterior fossa) with an ABSENT cerebellum

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

49
Q

The Genioglossus nerve of the tongue is for

A

Protrusion of the tongue

50
Q

Marker for Astrocytes

A

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Proteins)

51
Q

Hypothalamic area involved in COOLING thermoregulation (parasympathetic)

A

Anterior hypothalamus

52
Q

In which disease is there an Increase in ACH, Decrease Dopamine and Decrease Serotonin

A

Parkinson’s Disease

53
Q

MEDIAL geniculate nucleus is responsible for

A

Hearing (Medial=music)

54
Q

Loss of vibratory sense and proprioception, muscle weakness in the lower extremities and loss of deep tendon reflexes

A

Freidreich Ataxia

55
Q

Congenital extension of cerebellar tonsils through the Foramen Magnum

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation (Type 1)

56
Q

Which medication is useful in treating bedwetting (sleep enuresis)

A 
Star chart--- 1st line therapy
Oral Desmopressin (PREFERRED)
Imipramine
57
Q

How does ALS present

A

ANTERIOR MOTOR HORN– (Lower motor neuron sign– Flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations (muscle twitch) with weakness and decreased muscle tone. Negative Babinski sign

LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL– (Upper motor neuron sign– Spastic paralysis with hyper-reflexia, increased muscle tone and positive babinski sign

58
Q

What is the most common cause of Hydrocephalus in new borns

A

Accumulation of CSF in ventricular Space

59
Q

Taste of the anterior 2/3 is via

A

CN VII (Facial)

60
Q

Disinhibited behavior (hyperphagia, hyper-sexuality, hyperorality)– Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Where is the lesion

A

Amygdala

61
Q

For neuronal support, repair, extracellular K buffer, removal of excess neurotransmitter, component of blood brain barrier

A

Astrocyte

62
Q

Most common cause of Meningitis in NEONATES

A
  1. Group B Strep
  2. Ecoli
  3. Listeria Monocytogenes
63
Q

What is involved in syringomyelia

A

Anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract

64
Q

What carries ADH and oxytocin down the axon to posterior pituitary where they are stored and released

A

NEUROPHYSINS

65
Q

Bedwetting, sleepwalking, night terrors occur in

A

Stage N3 (Delta waves)

66
Q

Protrusion of meninges

A

Meningocele

67
Q

Oligodendrocyte is derived from

A

Neuroectoderm

68
Q 
Which thalamic nucleus is responsible for
Vibration, Pain
Pressure
Proprioception
Light touch, temperature
A

Ventral Postero-LATERAL Nucleus

69
Q

Which neurotransmitter is elevated in Anxiety

A

Norepinephrine

70
Q

What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Degeneration of anterior motor horn, Lateral Corticospinal tract degeneration

71
Q

Injury to an axon can cause

A

Wallerian degeneration

72
Q

Flow from 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle is via

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

73
Q

In what conditions is OLIGODENDROCYTES injured in

A

Multiple sclerosis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Leukodystrophy

74
Q

What is the cause of Poliomyelitis

A

Damage to the Anterior motor horn due to Poliovirus

75
Q

Where does Syringomyelia usually occur at

A

C8-T1

76
Q

Flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations (muscle twitch) with weakness and decreased muscle tone. Negative Babinski sign

A

Poliomyelitis

77
Q

LATERAL geniculate nucleus is responsible for

A

Vision (Lateral=light)

78
Q

Sensation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is from

A

Cranial nerve V3

79
Q

Dimple or patch of hair overlying the vertebral defect

A

Spina bifida

80
Q

What is the cause of maternal polyhydrominos

A

Disruption of fetal swallowing center

81
Q

Flow of CSF from 4th ventricle to the Subarachnoid space is via

A

Foramina of Magendie and Luschka

82
Q

What sleep stage does BRUXISM (teeth grinding) occur

A

Stage N2 (Sleep spindles and K complexes)

83
Q

Ventral Postero-Lateral Nucleus sends input through

A

Spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemnicus

84
Q

What motor nerve draws the tongue side to side and for upward movement to help in swallowing

A

Styloglossus

85
Q

What is Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis

A

Congenital stenosis of the channel that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th

86
Q

In Schwannoma and acoustic neuroma which cranial nerve is affected

A

Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)

SMART 1 (14 decks)

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