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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Degeneration of an axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally

A

Wallerian degeneration

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2
Q

Elevation of Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels in amniotic fluid and maternal Blood is indication of

A

Neural Tube Defect

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3
Q

What cells are injured in Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Schwann Cells

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4
Q

Most common cause of Meningitis in ADULTS and ELDERLY

A

Streptococcus pneumonea

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5
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Ophthalmoplegia, memory loss (anterograde and retrograde amnesia), confabulation, personality changes. Lesion is

A

Mammillary bodies (bilateral)

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6
Q

In which condition is there a Decrease in ACH only

A

Alzheimer Disease

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7
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid Plexus

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8
Q

The 3rd and 4th brachial arches give rise to which portion of the tongue

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

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9
Q

Phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS activated in response to tissue damage

A

Microglia

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10
Q

In which condition is there an INCREASE in Dopamine with a DECREASE in both ACH and GABA

A

Huntington Disease

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11
Q

Flow of CSF from Lateral Ventricle to 3rd ventricle is via

A

Interventricular Foramen of Monro

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12
Q

The nervous system is from Neuroectoderm except

A

Microglia

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13
Q

Astrocyte is derived from

A

Neuroectoderm.

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14
Q

Herniation of Tonsils and Vermis through foramen of magnum with aqueductal stenosis

A

Arnold Chiari malformation (type 2)

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15
Q 
Where are the following neurotransmitters synthesized
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
GABA
NOREPINEPHRINE
SEROTONIN
A 
Acetylcholine--- Basal Nucleus of Meynert
Dopamine-------- Ventral Tegmentum, SNc
GABA-------------- Nucleus Accumbens
Norepinephrine-- Locus Ceruleus
Serotonin--------- Raphe nucleus
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16
Q

Tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis. Where is the lesion

A

BASAL ganglia.

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17
Q

Which peripheral nerve fiber must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

A

Perineurium

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18
Q

Ventral postero-MEDIAL nucleus is responsible for

A

Facial sensation and Taste

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19
Q

Fried egg appearance on histology

A

Oligodendrogioma

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20
Q

Absence of the skull and brain (disruption of the cranial end of the neural tube)

A

Anencephaly

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21
Q

Hypothalamic area involved in HEATING (sympathetic)

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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22
Q

Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close resulting in disruption in caudal end plate

A

Spina bifida

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23
Q

Most common cause of Meningitis in NON-VACCINATED INFANTS

A

Hemophilus Influenza

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24
Q

Motor innervation via CN X to Palatoglossus is for

A

Elevation of the posterior tongue during swallowing

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25
Medication for night terrors and sleep walking by decreasing stage N3 and REM sleep
Benzodiazepines.
26
Holoprosencephaly may be as result in a mutation in
Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway
27
Loss of motor tone, dreaming, nightmares and penile/clitoral tumescence occur in
REM sleep
28
Inability to make new memories (anterograde amnesia)
Lesion is in the HIPPOCAMPUS
29
Sensory loss of PAIN and TEMPERATURE with Sparing of FINE TOUCH and position sense in upper extremities (cap-like distribution)
Syringomyelia
30
For depressing the tongue and retracting the tongue
Hyoglossus
31
Sensation and taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is via
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
32
Failure of the right and left hemisphere t separate. MRI reveals mono-ventricle and fusion of basal ganglia
Holoprosencephaly
33
For sleep and circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
34
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is developed from
1st and 2nd brachial arches
35
Which medications are associated with decrease REM sleep and Delta waves
Alcohol Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
36
Motor innervation of the tongue is mainly through
CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
37
Which area of the hypothalamus controls SATIETY and stimulation is
Ventromedial area | Stimulated by Leptin
38
Bases of Microglia is
Mesoderm
39
Which area of the hypothalamus controls HUNGER and what stimulates it
Lateral Area | stimulated by Ghrelin
40
Which neurotransmitter is increased in Schizophrenia
Dopamine
41
Most common cause of Meningitis in Children and Teenagers
Neissiria Meningitides
42
What gene is involved in Freidrich Ataxia
Frataxin gene
43
Synthesis of ADH and oxytocin
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
44
Autosomal recessive disorder due to trinucleotide repeat GAA
Freidreich Ataxia
45
Lateral geniculate nucleus sends in put through CN II and the destination is
Calcarine sulcus
46
Protrusion of meninges and spinal cord
Meningomyelocele
47
What cardiologic condition is a person with Friedrich Ataxia at increased risk of
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
48
Massively dilated 4th ventricle (posterior fossa) with an ABSENT cerebellum
Dandy-Walker Malformation
49
The Genioglossus nerve of the tongue is for
Protrusion of the tongue
50
Marker for Astrocytes
GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Proteins)
51
Hypothalamic area involved in COOLING thermoregulation (parasympathetic)
Anterior hypothalamus
52
In which disease is there an Increase in ACH, Decrease Dopamine and Decrease Serotonin
Parkinson's Disease
53
MEDIAL geniculate nucleus is responsible for
Hearing (Medial=music)
54
Loss of vibratory sense and proprioception, muscle weakness in the lower extremities and loss of deep tendon reflexes
Freidreich Ataxia
55
Congenital extension of cerebellar tonsils through the Foramen Magnum
Arnold-Chiari Malformation (Type 1)
56
Which medication is useful in treating bedwetting (sleep enuresis)
``` Star chart--- 1st line therapy Oral Desmopressin (PREFERRED) Imipramine ```
57
How does ALS present
ANTERIOR MOTOR HORN-- (Lower motor neuron sign-- Flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations (muscle twitch) with weakness and decreased muscle tone. Negative Babinski sign LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL-- (Upper motor neuron sign-- Spastic paralysis with hyper-reflexia, increased muscle tone and positive babinski sign
58
What is the most common cause of Hydrocephalus in new borns
Accumulation of CSF in ventricular Space
59
Taste of the anterior 2/3 is via
CN VII (Facial)
60
Disinhibited behavior (hyperphagia, hyper-sexuality, hyperorality)-- Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Where is the lesion
Amygdala
61
For neuronal support, repair, extracellular K buffer, removal of excess neurotransmitter, component of blood brain barrier
Astrocyte
62
Most common cause of Meningitis in NEONATES
1. Group B Strep 2. Ecoli 3. Listeria Monocytogenes
63
What is involved in syringomyelia
Anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract
64
What carries ADH and oxytocin down the axon to posterior pituitary where they are stored and released
NEUROPHYSINS
65
Bedwetting, sleepwalking, night terrors occur in
Stage N3 (Delta waves)
66
Protrusion of meninges
Meningocele
67
Oligodendrocyte is derived from
Neuroectoderm
68
``` Which thalamic nucleus is responsible for Vibration, Pain Pressure Proprioception Light touch, temperature ```
Ventral Postero-LATERAL Nucleus
69
Which neurotransmitter is elevated in Anxiety
Norepinephrine
70
What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Degeneration of anterior motor horn, Lateral Corticospinal tract degeneration
71
Injury to an axon can cause
Wallerian degeneration
72
Flow from 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle is via
Cerebral Aqueduct
73
In what conditions is OLIGODENDROCYTES injured in
Multiple sclerosis Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Leukodystrophy
74
What is the cause of Poliomyelitis
Damage to the Anterior motor horn due to Poliovirus
75
Where does Syringomyelia usually occur at
C8-T1
76
Flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations (muscle twitch) with weakness and decreased muscle tone. Negative Babinski sign
Poliomyelitis
77
LATERAL geniculate nucleus is responsible for
Vision (Lateral=light)
78
Sensation of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is from
Cranial nerve V3
79
Dimple or patch of hair overlying the vertebral defect
Spina bifida
80
What is the cause of maternal polyhydrominos
Disruption of fetal swallowing center
81
Flow of CSF from 4th ventricle to the Subarachnoid space is via
Foramina of Magendie and Luschka
82
What sleep stage does BRUXISM (teeth grinding) occur
Stage N2 (Sleep spindles and K complexes)
83
Ventral Postero-Lateral Nucleus sends input through
Spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemnicus
84
What motor nerve draws the tongue side to side and for upward movement to help in swallowing
Styloglossus
85
What is Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis
Congenital stenosis of the channel that drains cerebrospinal fluid from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th
86
In Schwannoma and acoustic neuroma which cranial nerve is affected
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)

SMART 1 (14 decks)

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