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SMART 1 > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis is mainly caused by

A

endothelial cell dysfunction

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2
Q

Treatment of Prinzmetal angina

A

Calcium channel Blocker and nitrates

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3
Q

In myocardial infarction what do you observe in the 0-24hrs

A
  1. Early coagulative necrosis
  2. Edema and wavy fibers
  3. NEUTROPHILS appear
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4
Q

What is the mechanism of the short acting nitroprusside

A

Balance venous and arterial vasodilators; decreases left ventricular preload and After load

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5
Q

Best heard at the left 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces. Murmur is usually loud and accompanied by thrill

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

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6
Q

Endocarditis in (IVDU) intravenous drug users is caused by

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

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7
Q

The x descent is reduced or absent on the JVP (jugular venous pulse) graph in what conditions?

A
  1. Tricuspid Regurgitation
  2. Right side HF
    (d/t reduced pressure gradients)
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8
Q

Which cardiac medication for AFib can cause Torsades de Pointes

A

SOTALOL, amiodarone, dofetilide (Class III antiarrhythmics)

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9
Q

Loss of sensation over right suprapubic area. Which nerve is most likely injured

A

IIiohypogastric nerve

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10
Q

CYP450 inducers

A

Carbamazapine, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Griseofulvin, Chronic Alcoholic use, Grapefruit Juice

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11
Q

Which antibiotic is most appropriate for treating lung abscess in alcoholoics

A

Clindamycin

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12
Q

Concurrent use of which medication with STATINS is associated with increased risk of MYOPATHY and RHABDOMYOLYSIS (muscle pain, dark urine)

A

Erythromycin (CYP 450 inhibitor)

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13
Q

Prominent Y descent on JVP (jugular venous pulse) graph is indicative of what condition?

A

Constrictive Pericarditis

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14
Q

Acetylcholine dilates epicardial coronary vessels by acting on

A

Arginine

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15
Q

Which medication is used to to reduce heart rate, cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demand

A

Cardio-selective Beta Blockers

Metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis mainly affect

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

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17
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Heart on right side

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18
Q

Medication for Focal seizures, Depressive episodes and adverse effect of Steven -Johnson syndrome

A

Lamotrigne

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19
Q

Endomyocardial fibrosis with prominent eosinophilic infiltrate

A

Loffler syndrome

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20
Q

Thrombosis with incomplete coronary artery occlusion with T-wave inversion on ECG but no cardiac biomarker elevation

A

Unstable Angina

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21
Q

In hypovolemic shock what parameters are observed

A

Decrease PCWP (preload), Decrease Cardiac Output (CO) and Increased Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

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22
Q

The most common cardiac anomalies with down syndrome are

A

Atrial Septal Defect and Ventricular Septal Defect

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23
Q

Which medication is most useful in treating Acute seizure disorder and Bipolar disorder

A

Valproate Acid

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24
Q

A thrombus of a LEFT DOMINANT circulation obstructs

A

Left Circumflex Artery

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25
Q

Heavy smoker male of <40 years old. Intermittent claudication leading to gangrene. Autoamputation of digits, superficial nodular phlebitis

A

Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans)

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26
Q

Diastolic murmur heard at the apex of the heart (mitral area) is associated with what? (Diastolic crescendo murmur)

A

Mitral Stenosis

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of holosystolic murmurs heard at the tricuspid area?

A
  1. Tricuspid Regurge

2. VSD

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28
Q

Exertional chest pain with ST depression on ECG resolved with rest or nitroglycerin

A

Stable Angina

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29
Q

What dz is associated with Paradoxical Splitting?

A

Aortic Stenosis

Left Bundle Branch Block

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30
Q

Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral causes

A

D-transposition of great vessels

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31
Q

Increased sensitivity to loud noise (hyperacusis) is most likely associated to injury to which nerve

A

Facial Nerve (stapedius nerve)

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32
Q

Endocardial thickening with dense fibrous thickening around the tricuspid and pulmonary valve

A

Carcinoid Syndrome

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33
Q

Hemorrhage, dehydration, burns, cold and clammy skin

A

Hypovolemic shock

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34
Q

Systolic murmur heard at the apex of the heart (mitral area) is associated with what?

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

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35
Q

Treatment for Dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
Na restriction
ACE inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Diuretics
Digoxin
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36
Q

What causes Patent Foramen Ovale?

A

Failure of Septum Primum and Septum Secundum to fuse at birth

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37
Q

Where is an S4 heart sound best heard?

A

At apex w/ pt in left lateral decubitus position

considered abnormal regardless of age

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38
Q

What parameters is most likely to decrease during peak stress compared to resting state

A

Total systemic vascular resistance

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39
Q

Rheumatic heart disease can lead to development of

A

Mitral Stenosis/Mitral Regurgitation

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40
Q

Electrical conduction in the heart flow

A

AV node–ventricular muscle–atrial muscle–purkinje system

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41
Q

What are the lab findings in Takayasu arteritis

A
  1. Granulomatous thickening and narrowing of aortic
    arch and proximal great vessels
  2. Increased ESR
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42
Q

What is Wide S2 Splitting?

A

Splitting varies on inspiration and expiration

  1. Double sound on expiration
  2. Double sound is accentuated on inspiration
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43
Q

Heavy smoker male of <40 years old. Intermittent claudication. Autoamputation of digits, superficial nodular phlebitis

A

Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans)

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44
Q

What causes wide splitting?

A

Conditions that delay the RV emptying –> delayed pulmonic sound on inspiration

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45
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse is a common CONNECTIVE TISSUE disorder in conditions such as

A

Marfan and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

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46
Q

An exposure to asbestos increase risk of

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

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47
Q

Medication for Maniac episode, depression and maintenance associated with Ebstein anomaly

A

Lithium

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48
Q

What is fixed S2 splitting?

wide and fixed

A

Splitting does not vary on inspiration and expiration
The splitting sound is equidistant on both expiration and inspiration
(GREATLY Delayed pulmonic closure)

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49
Q

MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA, Increase IgE level

A

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)

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50
Q

Which valve is the most commonly involved valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral valve

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51
Q

Most common site for thromboembolism in AFib

A

Left Atrial Appendage

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52
Q

What mechanisms are associated with S4 heart sound?

A
  1. High atrial pressure —> ventricular noncompliance

Left atrium pushes against stiff LV wall

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53
Q

Carotid artery is derived from which arch

A

THIRD aortic arch

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54
Q

Interruption of which central nervous pathway leads to BILATERAL MILKY NIPPLE DISCHARGE (galactorrhea), AMENORRHEA (absences of menses)

A

Tuberoinfundibular pathway

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55
Q

Treatment for Unstable Angina/NSTEMI

A
  1. Anticoagulation (Heparin)
  2. Anti-platelet (Aspirin)
  3. Beta blockers
  4. ACE
  5. Statins
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56
Q

Scarlet Fever can predispose to

A

Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis

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57
Q

Stab wound directed laterally at the anterior chest wall in the fifth intercostal space along mid clavicular line will affect

A

Left Lung

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58
Q

What are the symptoms of pericarditis?

A
  1. Pleuritic pain
  2. Pain on inspiration
  3. Friction Rub
  4. Relieved when lean forward
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59
Q

What structure lies at the L1/L2 level to prevent propagation of DVT

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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60
Q

Mid-diastolic, low pitched, rumbling murmur that may begin with an opening snap

A

Mitral Stenosis

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61
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis involving LUNG, KIDNEYS and SKIN with pauci-immune glomerulonephritis and palpable purpura. No granuloma

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

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62
Q

What is Patent Ductus Ateriosus (PDA) derived from

A

SIXTH Aortic Arch

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63
Q

Which medication used to treat MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER has NO sexual side effects

A

Bupropion

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64
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with which conditions

A
  1. Alcohol Abuse
  2. Wet Beriberi
  3. Coxsackie B viral myocarditis
  4. Chronic cocaine use
  5. Chagas disease
  6. Doxorubicin
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65
Q

Friedreich ataxia is associated with which cardiac condition

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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66
Q

Turner syndrome is associated with congenital anomalies of the aorta and the most common is

A

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

followed by Coarctation of Aorta

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67
Q

Cardiac Tamponade can present with

A

Beck Triad. (Hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sound)

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68
Q

Lack of aorticopulmonary septum formation leads to

A

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

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69
Q

HBsAg with elevated ALT and AST is indicative of

A

Complete Resolution

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70
Q

Tearing sudden onset of chest pain radiating to the back (+/- unequal BP in arms). CXR show mediastinal widening.

A

Aortic Dissection

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71
Q

What Rx causes ebstin anomally in utero?

A

Lithium

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72
Q

Holo-systolic murmur best heard at the left 2nd and 3rd intercostal space. Increase with inspiration

A

Tricuspid Regurgitation

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73
Q

Fixed Splitting of the second heart sound

A

Atrial Septal Defect

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74
Q

Oxygen consumption in various organ measured will show the most difference between

A

Aorta and Coronary Sinus

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75
Q

3-14 days of myocardial infarction what is seen

A
  1. Macrophages

2. Granulations

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76
Q

Examples of Non-cardio selective Beta blockers

A

Nadolol, propranolol

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77
Q

In chronic kidney disease the conversion of which apart of the vitamin D synthesis is impaired

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D—> 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D

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78
Q

Posteromedial papillary muscle is supplied by which artery

A

Posterior Descending Artery

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79
Q

Aortic stenosis can lead to…?

A

SAD

  1. Syncope
  2. Angina
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Decreased perfusion (systemic)
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80
Q

Migratory polyarthritis, carditis, Nodules in skin, Erythema marginatum and Sydenham chorea

A

Rheumatic Fever

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81
Q

What causes delay in RV emptying?

A

Pulmonic stenosis

Right Bundle Branch Block

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82
Q

Asthma, sinusitis, skin nodules or purpura, peripheral neuropathy (eg. wrist/foot drop). Increase IgE level and p-ANCA

A

Churg - Strauss ( Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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83
Q

Flu-like symptoms and joint pain associated with Giant cell arteritis is

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

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84
Q

A lesion of which anatomical structure will affect adduction of the eye and stimulation of left cornea to elicit corneal reflex

A

Superior Orbital fissure

85
Q

Late lesion in rheumatic heart disease causes

A

Mitral Stenosis

86
Q

What artery supplies the atrioventricular node in left Dominant circulation

A

Left Circumflex Artery

87
Q

What are the abnormalities associated with S4 heart sound?

A

Hypertrophy

88
Q

Cyanosis of the toes and clubbing but no finger abnormalities. Equal and full extremity pulses. Diagnosis

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

89
Q

What is the result of an enlarged Left atrium

A

Compression of the Recurrent Laryngeal nerve and Esophagus

90
Q

Infective endocarditis affects mostly

A

Mitral valve

91
Q

Earliest site of electrical activation in the heart

A

Right atrium near opening of superior vena cava

92
Q

Which cerebral artery is most likely compromised in a patient with contralateral HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA with macular sparing

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery

93
Q

In a LINEAR skull fracture a branch of which arteries is severed

94
Q

Inhibitors of metalloprotease (neprilysin) prevent degradation of

A

Natriuretic Peptide

95
Q

S4 heart sound, Syncope during exercise and may lead to death in an young athlete is

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

96
Q

Between Systemic and pulmonary circulation during exercise what parameters is similar

A

Blood Flow per minute

97
Q

Strong pulse along Inner side of STERNOCLADIOMASTOID MUSCLE originates from

A

Carotid artery

98
Q

Presentation of Kawasaki disease

A

Conjunctival injection, Rash ( polymorphous —> desquamating), Adenopathy (cervical), Strawberry tongue (oral mucositis) and Fever (CRASH and Burn)

99
Q

What is hibernating heart?

A

Myocytes of ischemic area de rease their contractile ability and O2 demand but once revascularized will function normally again

100
Q

What does splitting refer to?

A

It referes to the S2 heart sound

101
Q

Heart failure, S3 heart sound, systolic regurgitant murmur, dilated heart on echocardiogram and ballon appearance of heart on CRX

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

102
Q

Presentation in Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

A
  1. Upper Respiratory tract-: perforation of nasal septum,
    chronic sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis
  2. Lower Respiratory: hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea
  3. Renal : hematuria, red cell cast
103
Q

What are some CYP450 inhibitors

A

Cimetidine, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Grapefruit juice, Isoniazid, Retonavir (protease inhibitor)

104
Q

Occluding thrombus overlying a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque in a 30 year female. Butterfly erythema

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematous

105
Q

Audible heart sound at left sternal boarder that accentuate with hand grip excercise

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

106
Q

What is the mechanism of defect in Kartagener syndrome?

A

Defect in microtubular protein (Rt –> Lft Dynein)

107
Q

What are the findings in Chronic Granulomatous with polyangiitis

A

Triad: 1. Focal necrotizing vasculitis
2. Necrotizing granulomatous in the lung and
upper airway
3. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis
PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA

108
Q

Parameters involved in Distributive shock

A

Decrease Preload (PCWP), Increase Cardiac Output and Decrease After-load (SVR)

109
Q

In what dz is the organs in an adult seen in reverse position?

A

Kartagener Syndrome

110
Q

Which organ lays POSTERIORLY to the esophagus and left atrium

A

Descending Aorta

111
Q

on the JVP (jugular venous pulse) graph, an absent a wave is indicative of what condition?

112
Q

What is a pulmonary artery Catheter used to measure

A

Left Atrial Pressure

113
Q

Etanercept is added to methotrexate to treat

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

114
Q

What complications is associated with the 3-14days of an MI

A

Free wall rupture—–> tamponade; papillary muscle rupture—-> mitral regurgitation

115
Q

A patient with Marfan syndrome is at an increased risk of which cardiac condition

A

Aortic Dissection

116
Q

What dz are associated Fixed Splitting?

A

ASD

Lft –> Rt shunt –> inc. RA and RV volumes

117
Q

Giant cell arteritis most commonly affects

A

Carotid artery

118
Q

Protein responsible for rapid decrease in cytoplasmic calcium immediately preceding relaxation

A

Na / Ca exchange

119
Q

Which pathway regulates coordination of voluntary movements

A

Nigrostriatal pathway

120
Q

Treatment for Kawasaki disease

A

Aspirin and IV immunoglobulin

121
Q

What is the most anterior portion of the heart?

A

Right Ventricle

122
Q

Decrease in amplitude of systolic BP by >10mm Hg during inspiration

A

Pulsus paradoxus

123
Q

Increase in preload stretches the myocardium causing an

A

End Diastolic Sarcomere Length

124
Q

Which organ is least vulnerable to infarction when blood flow is interrupted

125
Q

Bacterial endocarditis with small vegetation on CONGENITALLY ABNORMAL or DISEASED VALVES. Has gradual onset

A

SUBACUTE— STAPH Viridans

126
Q

Treatment for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Beta Blockers

or Non dihydropyridine Ca2+ (verapamil and diltazim)

127
Q

Which cardiac chamber is first encountered when a probe is placed in a mid-esophagus anteriorly

A

Left Atrium

128
Q

Ischemia of the INFERIOR surface of the heart; which coronary artery is occluded

A

Posterior descending artery; a branch of the RIGHT coronary artery

129
Q

What complications is associated with the 1st -24hrs of an MI

A

Ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure and cardiogenic shock

130
Q

Fever, new murmur, Roth spot (white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage), Osler node (tender raised lesions on finger or toe pads due to immune complex deposition) and Janeway lesions (small, painless erythematous lesions on palm and or sole)

A

Bacterial endocarditis

131
Q

Mid-systolic click often accompanied by late systolic murmur

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

132
Q

2 weeks after Myocardial infarction light microscopy will show

A
  1. Contracted scar complete
133
Q

A stub wound to the chest in the 4th intercostal space near the left sternal boarder injures

A

Right ventricle

134
Q

How many types of S2 splitting (heart sounds) exists?

A

There are four S2 heart sounds:

  1. Normal splitting
  2. Wide splitting
  3. Fixed Splitting
  4. Paradoxical Splitting
135
Q

Bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users involves which valve

A

Tricuspid valve

136
Q

What is fixed S2 splitting?

A

Splitting does not vary on inspiration and expiration

1.

137
Q

What artery supplies the Lower anterior abdominal wall as it runs superiorly and medially

A

Inferior Epigastric Artery

138
Q

Opening-snap of mitral valve heard throughout diastole

A

Mitral Stenosis

139
Q

Pt presents with dyspnea on exertion and angina. Physical examination reveals heart sound that is loudest at the heart base and radiates to the carotids and pulses that are weak with delayed peak. What is the diagnosis?

A

Aortic Stenosis

140
Q

Carotid sinus massage works by

A

Prolong atrioventricular node refractory Period

141
Q

What is Paradoxical S2 Splitting?

A

Pulmonic valves close before the Aortic valves
Double wide splitting sound heard on expiration
Single sound heard on Inspiration

142
Q

Displacement of tricuspid valve leaflets downward into Right ventricle. Associated with tricuspid regurgitation and right heart failure

A

Ebstein anomaly

143
Q

What is the best protein marker for re-infarction following acute MI

144
Q

Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, arthragias and abdominal pain associated with IgA nephropathy

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

145
Q

Blanching skin lesion (telangiectasis), recurrent epistaxis, skin discoloration, arteriovenous malformation,, GI bleeding, hematuria

A

Hereditary Hemorrhagic telengeictasia

146
Q

Absence of Tricuspid valve requires both ASD and VSD for viability

A

Tricuspid Atresia

147
Q

What are some complications of Giant cell arteritis

A

Irreversible blindness due to ophthalmic artery occlusion

148
Q

PALPABLE PULSATILE abdominal mass. Calcified aortic wall with partial crescent-shaped non-opacification of aorta due flap/clot

A

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

149
Q

An EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR that is best heard along the left sternal boarder or over the right second intercostal space

A

Aortic Regurgitation

150
Q

A mid-systolic murmur that starts after S1 and ends before S2 and heard best at the 2nd interspace

A

Aortic Stenosis

151
Q

What are the 2 types of diastolic murmurs heard at the tricuspid area?

A
  1. Tricuspid stenosis

2. ASD

152
Q

Early lesion in Rheumatic heart disease causes

A

Mitral regurgitaion

153
Q

Holo-systolic murmur at the Left Lower Sternal Border

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

154
Q

An intimal tear in Stanford type A aortic dissection (involving the ascending aorta) usually originates in the

A

Sinotubular junction

155
Q

A crescendo- decrescendo murmur

A

Aortic Stenosis

156
Q

Holocystolic (high pitched, blowing) murmur heard at the apex of the heart (mitral area) is associated with what?

A

Mitral Regurge

Tricuspid Regurge

157
Q

What is Normal S2 Splitting?

A

Single sound on expiration

Double sound on inspiration (Inspiratory split)

158
Q

Intravenous fluid increase leads to

A

Increase in Preload

159
Q

Where is the placement of a pacemaker (radio frequency)

A

Inter-atrial Septum near the Opening of the coronary sinus

160
Q

What does splitting refer to?

A

It refers to the different types of S2 heart sounds

161
Q

Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is found i which group of people

A

Asian children < 4years

162
Q

Agatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor which is used to treat HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA

A

Binds to thrombin active site

163
Q

Elderly female older than 50 years with Unilateral headache, jaw claudication. Labs show focal granulomatous inflammation with increased ESR

A

Giant Cell (temporal) arteritis

164
Q

Lab/pathological findings

A

Segmental thrombosing vasculitis

165
Q

What is a feature of tricuspid valve regurgitation?

A

Loudest at tricuspid area ( 4th and 5th intercostal space)

166
Q

What is the path of an embolus to the retina

A

Internal Carotid—ophthalmic artery—Retinal artery

167
Q

Which medication has the following action increasing peripheral resistance, increase systolic blood pressure, decrease pulse pressure and decrease heart rate

A

Phenylephrine (alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist)

168
Q

Adverse effect of ACE inhibitor (eg. enalapril) in patients with renal artery stenosis, decompensated heart failure, chronics kidney disease and volume depletion

A

Increase serum creatinine—> Reduction in renal filtration fraction

169
Q

Embryological Structure that gives rise to the Superior Vena Cava

A

Common Cardinal Vein

170
Q

Two hormones released by atria and ventricle during myocardial wall stretch

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

171
Q

Holosystolic murmur best heard at Apex and radiates to Axilla

A

Mitral Regurgitation

172
Q

Location of Great Saphenous Vein

A

Inferior-lateral to the Pubic Tubercle

173
Q

What are the causes of MR?

A
  1. Ischemic Heart dz (post MI)
  2. MVP
  3. LV dilatation
174
Q

What medication is contraindicated in HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

Iso-sorbide Dinitrate

175
Q

Left atrial enlargement can cause

A

Dysphagia, compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve—-hoarseness

176
Q

A form of arteriosclerosis caused by build up of cholesterol plaques

A

Atherosclerosis

177
Q

Primary cause of death in lightening (thunderstorm) related death

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias

178
Q

What is the most posterior portion of the heart?

A

Left atrium

179
Q

Acute thrombosis due to rupture of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque

A

Myocardial Infarction

180
Q

Sharp pain, aggravated by inspiration and relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. Present with friction rub. ECG changes include widespread ST-segment elevation and /or PR depression

A

Acute pericarditis

181
Q

What is measured to make diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome

A

Urinary 5-Hydroxyindolectic Acid (5-HIAA)

182
Q

An symmetric inter ventricular septal hypertrophy that presents with a harsh systolic murmur can best be explained by left ventricular outflow obstruction created by

A

Mitral Valve leaflet and inter-ventricular Septum

183
Q

The junction of frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones

184
Q

In Prospective studies, disproportionate loss to follow-up between the exposed and unexposed creates

A

Attrition Bias ( a form of selection Bias)

185
Q

What complications is associated with the 1-3day of an MI

A

Post-infarction fibrinous pericarditis

186
Q

Where is the femoral vein in relation to the femoral artery

A

Medial to Femoral Artery

187
Q

What is hibernating heart indicative of?

A

Chronic ischemia

188
Q

What are the three important shunts in fetal circulation?

A
  1. Foramen Ovale
  2. Ductus Ateriosus
  3. Ductus Venosus
189
Q

What is diagnostic for Myocardial Infarction

A

Increase CK-MB and Troponin

190
Q

Holosystolic (high pitched, blowing) murmur heard at the apex of the heart (mitral area) is associated with what?

A

Mitral Regurge

Tricuspid Regurge

191
Q

Fever, pharyngitis, sandpaper-like rash and strawberry tongue

A

Scarlet Fever

192
Q

An intimal tear (FLAP) in Stanford type B (aortic dissection involving descending aorta) usually starts near the origin of the

A

Left subclavian artery

193
Q

What are the two types of VSD and which is more common?

A

Membraneous&raquo_space;> Muscular

194
Q

Aortic stenosis can lead to…?

A

SAD

  1. Syncope
  2. Angina
  3. Dyspnea
195
Q

The y descent is absent on the JVP (jugular venous pulse) graph in what condition?

A

Cardiac Tamponade

196
Q

Infective endocarditis is mostly caused by

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

197
Q

Etanercept is best characterized as

A

Soluble receptor decoy protein

198
Q

Which pathway regulates cognition and behavior

A

Mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway

199
Q

ANP and BNP release promote

A

Glomerular Filtration rate

200
Q

Occurs at rest, Coronary artery spasm with transient ST elevation on ECG

A

(Variant) Prinzmetal Angina

201
Q

Bounding peripheral pulses and palpable thrills over the left upper sternal border

A

Patent Ductus Ateriosus

202
Q

Diaphoresis, nausea,, vomiting, severe retrosternal pain, pain in left arm and/or jaw, shortness of breath fatigue

A

Myocardial Infarction

203
Q

What is a feature of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Loudest at apex and radiates towards axilla

204
Q

What are the laboratory finding in Rheumatic heart disease

A
  1. Aschoff bodies (granuloma with giant cells)
  2. Anitschkow cells (enlarged microphages with ovoid,
    wavy rod-like nucleus)
  3. Increase ANTI-STREPTOLYSIN O titers.
205
Q

Lab findings id Microscopic polyangiitis

A

MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA (Anti-microperoxidase)

206
Q

1-3 days during an episode of Myocardial infarction

A
  1. Extensive coagulative necrosis

2. Acute inflammation with neutrophils

207
Q

What is the cause of valvular stenosis?

A

Calcification of the valves
Normal in the aged
Can have early onset calcification in younger pts.

208
Q

Mid-systolic click followed by short late systolic murmur that radiates to apex and disappears with squatting is related to abnormality in

A

Connective tissue

Mitral prolapse

SMART 1 (14 decks)

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