Mixed smart Flashcards
1
Q
Which medication acts by increasing cardiac contractility (positive inotropic) and decrease vascular resistance and mean arterial blood pressure
A
Isoproterenol
2
Q
Brown pigment stones which arise secondary to bacterial (E. coli) or helminthic infection of the biliary tract results in the release of
A
Beta-glucuronidase
3
Q
What are the atypical cells in infectious mononucleosis seen on peripheral smear
A
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CD8+)
4
Q
Cytokeratin most likely belong to which cell lineage
A
Epithelial cell
5
Q
Dysphagia, hoarseness, loss of gag reflex on the ipsilateral side and deviation of the uvula toward the normal side is caused by a lesion
A
Lesion of the jugular foramen
6
Q
Biopsy of small cell carcinomas will show neuroendocrine marker such as
A
- Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, CD56) 2. Neuron specific enolase 3. chromogranin
7
Q
Infusion of which drug causes vasoconstriction with increase systemic vascular resistance
A
Phenylpherine
8
Q
Renal calculus in a a person with recurrent urinary tract infection is composed of
A
Struvite Stones
9
Q
What is the mechanism of Fidaxomicin
A
Fidaxomicin inhibits the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase
10
Q
CGG trinucleotide repeat is
A
Fragile X
11
Q
Sense of motion when no motion is present or exaggerated sense of motion for a given bodily movement is
A
Vertigo
12
Q
The degradation of Interferon Kappa B (IkB) on the surface of bacteria will directly lead to activation of
A
Nuclear factor-kappa B
13
Q
What is the most common cases of HUS associated to
A
EHEC 0157:H7 associated with eating undercooked contaminated ground beef
14
Q
Easy fatiguability, constipation, back pain, elevated serum protein and azotemia (high levels of nitrogen products) in an elderly patient is consistent with
A
Multiple myeloma
15
Q
Gastric bypass surgery results in a deficiency of vitamins (B12, A, D, E, K) and Iron but an increase of
A
Folic acid and Vitamin K
16
Q
What medication is used to treat toxoplasmosis ( 2 ring enhancing lesion with edema)
A
Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
17
Q
What is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis
A
Enteroviruses
18
Q
The bacteria uptake of exogenous DNA fragments and express the encode proteins is called
A
Transformation
19
Q
Aspirin consumption leads to excessive production of
A
Leukotrienes
20
Q
Primary Dengue virus infection can be asymptomatic or cause self-limited disease in most adults, secondary infection is with
A
A different viral serotype and are usually more severe
21
Q
The primary cause of ring enhancing lesions in HIV patient is
A
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Gondi)
22
Q
What kind of ventricular necrosis is observed by occlusion of the left coronary artery
A
Coagulation necrosis
23
Q
In type I diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis, the is a deficiency in a hormone that normally
A
Decreases glucagon secretion
24
Q
What is involved in pathologic process in Rheumatoid arthritis
A
- Pannus Formatin (joint) 2. Boutonniere deformity 3. Systemic inflammation
25
What hormone is released after consumption foods high in fat and responsible for gall bladder contraction
Cholecytokinin (CCK)
26
What is contained in the anterior compartment of the leg that can illicit pain when compromised
Deep peroneal nerve
27
Small cell carcinomas frequently synthesizes hormones or hormone-like substances like
Vasopressin leading to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
28
Failure of a patients neutrophil to turn blue on nitroblue tetrazolium testing is indicative of
chronic granulomatous disease
29
Which medication inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes via irreversible acetylation
Aspirin
30
In cystic fibrosis impairment of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein does what
Reduces chloride secretion and Increases sodium absorption by respiratory epithelia
31
Symptoms of trapezius weakness include
1. Drooping of the shoulder 2. Impaired abduction of the arm above horizontal 3. Winging of of the scapula
32
What is the effect of long term treatment with estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy and post menopausal women
Increase levels of Thyroxine-binding globulin leading to an increase in thyroid (T4) hormone levels
33
The key growth factor that promote angiogenesis in neoplastic and granulation tissues are
Vascular endothelial growth factor and Fibroblast growth factor
34
On Light microscopy of the most common adult brain tumor; Glioblastoma what is observed
pseudopalisading tumor cells around areas of necrosis is diagnostic
35
Pulsatile vessels within the intercostal spaces and diminished femoral pulses relative to brachial pulses is associated with
Turner syndrome-----\> Coarctation of aorta (Continuous heart murmur----\> asso. PDA)
36
What is the action of Erythromycin in protein synthesis
Erythromycin interferes with translocation
37
Misattributing one's own unacceptable feelings to another person
Projection
38
In which cells are androgens converted to estradiol
Granulosa Cells
39
A raised, red area on the anterior section of the neck of a new born is
Hemangioma
40
The second most common cause of ring enhancing lesions with mass effect in HIV is
Primary Central Nervous system Lympoma
41
What will a biopsy show of the intestinal mucosa of a person with Lactase deficiency
Normal intestinal mucosa
42
A hernia content that protrudes through DEEP INGUINAL RING and travels lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels is
Indirect Inguinal hernia due to (PATENT PROCESSUS VAGINALIS)--- Infants
43
What bacteria toxin when injected into a dystonic tissue such as in torticollis produces dramatic but temporary relief
Botulinum Toxin type B and it is produced by a bacteria that has subterminal spore formation
44
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is
Strep pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis
45
An abnormal S4 can be heard in patient with reduced ventricular compliance due to
Sudden rise in end diastolic pressure with atrial contraction (increased stiffness of the left ventricular wall)
46
In a perforated appendicitis that have formed an abscess the most common bacteria that are frequently isolated are
Bacteroids fragilis
47
Which serum concentration is most likely to confirm the diagnosis of Hypothyroidism
Thyroid stimulating hormone
48
In riboflavin (B2) deficiency activity of which enzyme is deficient
Succinate dehydrogenase
49
What is the most likely cause of Macrocytosis in Sickle cell Disease or other hemolytic anemias
Increased folic acid requirements
50
Elastase found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is derived from
Alveolar macrophages
51
Abnormality in which of the following cells is responsible for fractures in Achondroplasia
Chondrocytes
52
The ability to administer bevacizumab as a single agent for metastatic colon cancer despite it being a foreign protein is as a result of
The agent being Humanized antibody
53
Thyroid nodule that shows intranuclear inclusion bodies and grooves, large cells with nuclei containing finely dispersed chromatin with ground glass appearance (Orphan Annie eye)
Papillary Thyroid cancer (Papillary carcinoma)
54
A patient experiencing cholestasis secondary to hepatocellular dysfunction or intrahepatic or extra hepatic biliary obstruction are at an increased risk of developing
Fat soluble vitamin deficiency
55
In what kind of patient will you see Extensive lymphocyte infiltration and granulomatous destruction of interlobular bile ducts
Female with long history of pruritus and fatigue who has pale stools and xanthelasma
56
Beta blockers lower blood pressure via
1. Reducing myocardial contractility and heart rate 2. Decreasing renin release by the kidney
57
Compression of the nerve that passes through the Obturator canal (obturator nerve) will impair
Adduction of the thigh
58
The primary neoplasm in carcinoid tumor is
Small intestine
59
Selective Beta-1 adrenergic blocking agent with negative inotropic and chronotropic effect.
Cause a decrease in cardiac contractility (Esmolol)
60
Patients with Chronic granulomatous disease, their neutrophils are not able to
Kill Catalase + organisms
61
What bacteria causes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
N. Meningitidis
62
What is the short term treatment for insomnia in an elderly person
Ramelteon
63
What is the most common abnormality seen in Legionella pneumophila
Hyponatremia (Low Serum Sodium)
64
In squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus ligation will involve arterial branches of
Aorta
65
Cerebellar lesion hemisphere results in
1. Ipsilateral dysdiadochokinesia 2. Limb dysmetria 3. Intention tremors
66
Autosomal recessive disorder that DOES NOT cause typically significant bleeding despite aPTT prolongation is
Hageman Factor (factor XII) deficiency
67
A patient that request for help in stoping chronic alcohol consumption will be administered a medication that works by
Blocking the Mu opioid receptor (Naltrexone)
68
Which cytokine is responsible for the growth and differentiation of B-lymphocytes after exposure to antigens
IL4 amd IL5
69
In appendectomy and right ovarian resection what structure in most likely to be injured
Ureters
70
A combined disease involving the mitral and aortic valve will present with
Increased left ventricular diastolic pressure
71
A study that simultaneously measures exposures and outcomes is
Cross-sectional study
72
Medication for treating cryptococcal meningitis
Amphotericin B
73
Detection of parasite eggs in stool is used to diagnose
Schistosoma mansoni or S japonicum
74
Skin condition associated with areas of hot and humid and often most visible after extensive sun exposure
Malassezia Globosa (spaghetti and meatballs appearance on on KOH preparation)
75
Laboratory findings in Klinefelter syndrome is
Increased LH and FSH Increased Estradiol Decrease Testosterone
76
Hernia content protrude through femoral ring, travels inferior to inguinal ligament
Femoral Hernia due to (weakness of the proximal femoral canal)--- women
77
Cholesterol stones is caused by inhibition of
7-alpha-hydroxylase
78
What substance Stimulates the release of Bicarbonate-rich secretions from exocrine pancrease
Secretin from Duodenal S cells
79
What is the adverse effect of adding Carbidopa to levodopa in the treatment of Parkinsons
Anxiety and agitation
80
What is the mechanism of Bupivacaine injection
Decrease permeability to Na
81
Which amino acid is highest in quantity or abundant during wound healing (collagen)
GLYCINE (Gly-X-Y)-- covers every 3rd position
82
Well differentiated, dysplastic columnar cells that line alveolar septa without vascular or stromal invasion
Adenocarcinoma in situ (formerly- Bronchioloaveolar carcinoma) malignant neoplasm
83
In the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in a new born what is the adverse effect of Nitric oxide
Methemoglobinemia
84
What is cause of orthostatic hypotension in a patient taking carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for altitude sickness
Hypovolemia
85
When Aspergillus causes wide spectrum of disease in immunocompromised individuals (eg. TB), they are described as
Colonizing
86
Which oral macrocyclic antibiotic used to treat recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis (pseudomembranous colitis) in a patient allergic to penicillin
Fidaxomicin
87
The risk of a child developing achondroplasia in a heterozygous parent is
50% chance of transmitting. Gain of function mutation in FGFR-3 gene
88
The absence of a segment of jejunum and ileum in a kid with Bilious emesis in due to
Intestinal atresia
89
Hemolytic anemia in Hemolytic Uremic syndrome (HUS) causes
Decrease hemoglobin and haptoglobin levels and an increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase and unconjugated bilirubin
90
On biopsy of a patient with ectopic pregnancy what will be observed
Dilated, coiled endometrial glands and edematous stroma (decidualized endometrium)
91
A smoking cessation medication that reduces nicotine cravings and while decreasing the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products
Varenicline
92
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal insufficiency is characteristic of
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
93
What is the cause of abdominal Hernia
Incomplete closure of the umbilical ring
94
Which hormone levels should be monitored following evacuation of a hydatidiform mole
Beta-hCG levels
95
What is the cause of neonatal cataract formation due to accumulation of Galactitol in the lens
Galactokinase deficiency
96
Acute intermittent porphyria is what pattern of inheritance
Autosomal dominant
97
The difference between HbS and HbC
HbS allows hydrophobic interaction among hemoglobin molecules.
HbS is the substituition of glutamate with Valine
HbC is the substituition of glutamate with Lysine
98
What medication is used to treat Prolactinoma
Bromocriptine
99
A laboratory workup that shows elevated serum Methionine is an indication of homocystinuria which amino acid becomes essential
Cysteine
100
Severe bacterial and fungal infections, granuloma formation
Chronic granulomatous Disease
101
Hemangioma; a benign growth tumor originates from the
Endothelium
102
The progressive onset of heart failure in the setting of a recent viral infection (rhinorrhea, myalgia) is suggestive of
Dilated cardiomyopathy caused by viral myocarditis
103
Which of the diuretics will help loss fluid quicker, Thiazide or Loop diuretics
Loop diuretics (furosemide)
104
Clinically abrupt of severe headache is characteristic of Subarachnoid hemorrhage and is caused by
Rupture of the saccular (berry) aneurysm
105
How will the Inferior Vena Cava be described
Its formed by a union of the common iliac veins (right and left iliac veins at the level of L4-L5)
106
Confusion, headache, fever and nuchal rigidity is a symptoms of
Meningitis
107
Patients with mild asymptomatic hypercalcemia, reduced urinary excretion of calcium and high, normal or mildly elevated PTH (Familial Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia - FHH) have a defect in
Membrane-bound receptor coupled with a G-protein (CaSR)
108
What is the cause of resistance to ciprofloxacin in streptococcus pneumonia
A mutation in genes encoding for Beta Lactamase
109
Unilateral (blood tinged) nipple discharge with/without a palpable mass or skin changes in mostly caused by
Intraductal Papilloma
110
Which medication when taken leads to Decrease GFR, causes hyperkalemia and cough
ACE- inhibitors (prils)
111
Administration of epinephrine that results in increase serum glucose concentration shows a defect in
Glucagon receptor
112
46 XY males who appear phenotypically female and have cryptochid testes due to androgen receptor defect
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
113
What medication is the strongest and most predictable effect in the inflammatory component of asthma
Corticosteroids (Fluticasone)
114
Which medication is useful in treating visceral nausea due to gastrointestinal insults such ar gastroenteritis, chemotherapy and general anesthesia
5-HT3 receptor antagonist (Ondansetron)
115
What medication used for organophosphate poisoning reverses both the muscarinic and nicotinic effects by restoring cholinesterase from its bound substances
Pralidoxime
116
Which nerve stimulates or innervates the Carotid body chemoreceptor
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
117
Which step is impaired in the vitamin D synthesis pathway that shows ELEVATED Parathyroid hormone and LOW serum calcium level
25-hydroxycholecalciferol-----\> 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
118
Which anti-arrhythmic drugs show a decrease or prolong potassium flow from myocytes during phase 3
Sotalol Amiodarone Dofetilide
119
In isolated diastolic heart failure, the Left Ventricular end diastolic pressure is
Increased. All other parameters are normal
120
The substitution of (glutamate for arginine) near the protein C cleavage site in coagulation factor V gene product (Factor V Leiden) will
Pulmonary embolism Deep vein thrombosis Cerebral vein Thrombosis Recurrent pregnancy loss
121
Hirsutism, Oligomenorrhea and acne
Late-onset 21-hydroxylase deficiency
122
Initial treatment for gram-positive cocci in clusters that are catalase positive and coagulase negative (staph epidermidis) should include
Vancomycin
123
Which cells contribute to the caseating granulomas in Mycoplasma Tuberculosis
CD4+ T lymphocyte and macrophages
124
Meningitis with CSF showing lymphocytic pleocytosis; elevated protein level and normal glucose are suggestive of
Aseptic Meningitis
125
In Vitamin D synthesis where is Cholecalciferol converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Liver
126
An infant with lactic acidosis and neurologic defects most likely has
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
127
Untreated endocervical infection (cervicitis) can lead to
Infertility
128
Hernia content protrude through the Hasselbach triangle, travels medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
Direct Inguinal Hernia due to (weakness of the TRANSVERSALIS FASCIA)-- Older men
129
Locus ceruleus; pigmented brainstem nucleus located in the posterior rostral pons near the lateral of the 4th ventricle produces
Norepinephrine
130
IV drugs does not improve patients symptoms because of
Tight junctions
131
Which medication prolongs activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time but NO effect on Thrombin time
Direct factor Xa inhibitor (Apixaban and Rivaroxaban)
132
A long history of alcohol consumption leads to
Gait ataxia
133
Vascular endothelium secrets which substance to inhibit platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin
134
Which medication has the potential to redistribute fat from extremities to the trunk
High active ANTIRETROVIRAL Therapy (HAART) Antiretroviral medication
135
Tissue damage and resultant abscess formation is primary caused by
Lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils and macrophages
136
Intestinal atresias of the midgut are a result of
Vascular occlusion
137
The aortic arch baroreceptor and aortic body chemoreceptor is stimulated by
Vagus nerve
138
Severe bacterial and viral infection in infancy, chronic diarrhea and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Labs show very low of absent CD3+ T cells and hypogammaglobulinemia
Severe combined immunodeficiency
139
A person with food seeking behavior has a lesion in which area of the hypothalamus
Ventromedial nucleus
140
What is the earliest histologic findings in a person with long bone/ or pelvic fracture who develops acute onset of neurologic abnormalities, hypoxemia and a petechial rash
Fat microglobules
141
What observation is noted to indicate a compound is working specifically as a protease inhibitor
There is a lack of mature core
142
What is the mechanism of Pramipexole in treating Parkinsons
Directly stimulates dopamine receptor
143
What is the renal adult derivative of the metanephric mesoderm
Distal convoluted tubules
144
What is expected to increase in a patient with CHF
Arteriolar resistance
145
Repeated infarction of the spleen in sickle cell disease leads to
Scarring, FIBROSIS and ATROPHY
146
Postpartum hemorrhage from a prior uterine surgery patient and removal of placenta in pieces is due to
Placenta accreta (villous tissue and placenta that is abnormally adherent to the myometrium
147
Infantile and adult beriberi as in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (confusion, ataxia, oculomotor abnormalities and permanent memory deficient is caused by deficient in
Thiamine
148
What is the effect of positive predictive value of a test
Increase as prevalence increases
149
What is the function of Cromolyn/Cromoglycate
Inhibits the release of histamine from the preformed vesicles or inhibit mast cell degranulation and prevent release of preformed chemicals
150
In Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, immunofluorescent microscopy will show deposition of
Fibrin
151
what diagnostic test will you do to check causal agent for abdominal pain and diarrhea
Microscopic examination of the stool for ova and parasites
152
The ability of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) to decrease insulin-mediated glucose up take is mediated through
Upper regulation of SERINE and/or THREONINE RESIDUE PHOSPHORYLATION
153
Head CT scan that shows marked enlargement of ventricles is suggestive of
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
154
Bilateral Hilar adenopathy and elevated serum calcium and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels are suggestive of
Sarcoidosis
155
Which tendon is vulnerable to injury due to impingement between the acromion and the head of the humerus
Supraspinatus tendon
156
In organophosphate poisoning, Atropine does not reverse the development of nicotinic effects such as
Muscle paralysis
157
Flushing, hypotension and crampy diarrhea
Carcinoid tumor
158
Recurrent nephrolithiasis in a young patient raises suspicion for cystinuria
Cystinuria
159
Chronic hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly and iron overload as a result of impaired erythrocyte survival is caused by a deficiency in
Pyruvate Kinase
160
What is the antidote for cyanide toxicity
Amyl nitrite (has ability to induce methemoglobinemia)
161
The most common bacterial that causes acute otitis media, sinusitis and bacterial conjunctivitis in childhood are
1. Streptococcus pneumonia 2. Haemophilus influenza (nontypeable) 3. Moraxella catarrhalis
162
A patient with diarrhea who had a domestic animal with diarrhea. The likely enteric organism that can be transmitted to the patient with an animal is
Campylobacter jejuni
163
The organism responsible for Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (N. Meningitidis) most commonly causes
Meningitis
164
Gs protein-adenylate cyclase activation increasing production of cAMP is the mechanism of which medication
Dobutamine
165
Patients with ecchymoses, petechiae, mucosal bleeding and no other obvious cause of thrombocytopenia should suspect
Autoimmune platelet destruction
166
Dactylitis (painful swelling of the hands and feet) is a common presentation of sickle cell disease in young children and is as a results of
Decreased levels of Haptoglobin
167
In a complete mole examination of the tissue will show
46XX or 46XY (less common)
168
After a gastrectomy life long administration of which substance is required
Water soluble vitamins (vitamin B12 supplementation)
169
Gentamicin use will cause necrosis of which part of the nephron
Proximal tubule
170
In hip adduction the muscle inserts onto the femur from
Ischium
171
Chronic granulomatous disease is a condition caused by
X-linked mutation affecting NADPH oxidase
172
What is the likely cause of jaundice in Dubin Johnson syndrome
Defective hepatocellular excretion of bilirubin glucuronides
173
Increased collagen synthesis is by
Activation of nuclear gene transcription
174
Large, reducible midline abdominal protrusion covered by skin that is more pronounced when baby cries in
Abdominal Hernia
175
Blood glucose level within normal range despite PROLONGED FASTING is as a result of which hormone binding to intracellular receptor
Cortisol
176
CARDIOMEGALY, severe generalized HYPOTONIA, MACROGLOSSIA and HEPATOMEGALY with abnormal accumulation of glycogen in lysosome is
Pompe disease
177
Medication for atropine poisoning which can also be used to treat glaucoma is
Physostigmine
178
What is the most important role of Neisseria gonorrhea in the course of infection
Facilitation of the bacterial enzyme mucosal adherence
179
The primary virulence factor of staph pneumonia is
Polysaccharide Capsule-- (without it it can not cause disease)
180
What medication causes toxicity in human tissue when it binds to cell membrane cholesterol
Amphotericin B
181
Failure of prothrombine time to correct with vitamin K supplementation (prolonged Prothrombine Time (PT) indicate
Factor VII (7) deficiency (because it has the shortest half life of all coagulation factors; 10,9,7,2)
182
The exposure to risk factors years before disease manifestation is referred to as
Latent Period
183
The leading cause of death in women is
Cardiovascular disease
184
Recurrent infection that worsens with age, easy bleeding and eczema
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
185
What cells are presented on the surface of Antigen presenting cells only (APC) is
MHC Class II
186
The appropriate treatment for malignant hyperthermia is Dantrolene which affects
Intracellular calcium release in skeletal muscles
187
Over expression of GLYCOPROTEINS with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity leads t
Acceleration of cell proliferation
188
Androgenetic alopecia is dependent on both hormonal and genetic factors the pattern of inheritance is
Polygenic
189
Fatigue, pruritus, hepatomegaly and severe elevated alkaline phosphate level are suggestive of
Cholestasis
190
Prolonged activated partial prothrombine time (PTT) with normal Prothrombine time (PT) is
Factor VIII (8) deficiency (Hemophilia A--X linked recessive)
191
What is physiological effect of epinephrine injected intramuscularly
Uterine relaxation
192
What is the likely underlying mechanism responsible for Turner syndrome
Loss of paternal chromosome X (45,X)
193
What mechanism explains a patients rapid recovery from anesthesia propofol (highly lipophilic)
Tissue redistribution of the drug
194
Congenital heart disease, dysmorphic facies and hypocalcemia
DiGeorge syndrome
195
The most common adverse effect of thrombolysis is
Intracerebral hemorrhage
196
A method of dealing with an unwanted behavior that a person has a problem with is
Suppression
197
The cause of low oxygen and lower PaCO2 in Arterial blood gas is
Alveolar Hyperventilation
198
Before alanine can be transferred to glucose its amino acid group is first transferred to
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
199
What are the side effect of Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (diltiazem, verapamil)
Constipation, bradycardia atrioventricular conduction block and worsening heart failure with reduced left ventricular function
200
Elevated opening pressure, increased neutrophils, decreased glucose and elevated protein in CSF is indication of
Bacterial meningitis
201
Persistent fever and sore throat, anterior and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly is due to what agent
Infectious mononucleosis from Epstein-Barr virus
202
In electrophoresis, a single band that migrates less than HbA and HbS bands means the patient has
HbC disease which is caused my MISSENSE mutation
203
Rupture of berry aneurysm of the circle of willis are associated with
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
204
The room is spinning or tilting, difficulty walking due to loss of balance. Problem is
Inner Ear
205
Primary central nervous system lymphoma is typically composed of
B-lymphocytes
206
What test should be performed before beginning treatment with ETANERCEPT
Tuberculin Skin test (because this medication is a TNF-alpha inhibitor)
207
Which medication when used in a Diabetes Mialitus patient can cause hypoglycemic episode
Non-selective Beta Blockers (Propranolol)
208
The mixture of normal (46 XX) and mutated (45,X) somatic cells often leading to a milder form of a disease is
Somatic mosaicism
209
In panic attack,, hyperventilating cause a
Decrease in arterial partial CO2 tension
210
Glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency follows which inheritance pattern
X-linked recessive inheritance
211
Pompe disease is caused by a deficiency of
Acid alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase)
212
What is the mechanism of the diphtheria toxin
Inhibits protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor -2 (EF-2) leading to necrosis.
213
The leading cause of community acquired pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis in adults is
Strep pneumonia
214
Hemolytic anemia, hyper-coagulability (eg. hepatic vein thrombosis) and pancytopenia are characteristics of
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
215
What is the therapeutic mechanism of Desmopressin is a person with von Willebrand disease (vWD)
Increase endothelial protein release
216
Obstructive mass caused by incomplete degeneration of the central portion of the fibrous tissue band connecting the walls of the vagina
Imperforate hymen
217
Monoclonal antibody against platelet IIb/IIa receptor prevent which substance from binding to platelets
Fibrinogen
218
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) which is the M3 variant of AML is associated with
t(15;17), cytogenic translocation involving the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene on chromosome 15 and retinic acid receptor on chromosome 17
219
What medication is used to treat malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene
220
Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) causes which conditions
Meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis and sepsis
221
Red swollen, tender tongue; angular stomatitis and spoon shaped nails likely diagnosis
Iron deficieny
222
In corynebacteria diphtheria the presence of what could prevent death in a child
IgG against circulating proteins (exotoxin B subunit)
223
What is the mechanism of MILRINONE
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 enzyme inhibitor Causes systemic arterial and venous dilation
224
Impaired development of the THIRD PHARYNGEAL POUCH will cause
Hypoplastic mandible Low set of ears Bifid Uvula Cleft palate
225
What is suggestive of Strongyloids stercoralis infection
Rhabditiform larvae in the stool
226
7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to Cholecalciferol in Vitamin D synthesis in the
Skin (UV light sun)
227
Insertion of a needle along the upper border of the 10 rib will injure
Right hepatic lobe
228
Abnormal platelet aggregation to Ristocetin, Prolonged Bleeding time, Normal or prolonged PTT is
Von Willibrand disease
229
Cirrhosis is characterized by
Diffuse hepatic fibrosis
230
No upper vagina (short vagina) with rudimentary uterus, normal ovaries and normal secondary sexual characteristics
Mullerian aplasia
231
Which antiviral agent that inhibits DNA polymerase in herpesvirus and reverse transcriptase in HIV does not require intracellular activation by viral or cellular kinases
Foscarnet
232
Which medication used for bipolar disorder in pregnancy can lead to Ebstein anomaly (apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflet)
Lithium
233
The use of human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) in infertility mimics which physiologic event
LH surge
234
Which cell type is most predominant in a patient with sarcoidosis
CD4+ lymphocytes
235
Most common cause of meningitis in neonates is
Strep agalactiae (group B streptococcus)
236
Increasing which substance in a person with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency will help generate energy without elevating the lactate levels
Lysine
237
Lung Tissue specimen of a person affected with Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) will show
Ovoid cells within macrophages (Histo hides in macrophages)
238
What is the pathological finding seen in the affected area of varicella zoster virus
multi-nucleated giant cells with intranuclear inclusions in keratinocytes
239
A person expresses unacceptable feelings meant for someone in their present life toward a different person
Displacement
240
Fushed skin, dry oral mucosa, dilated and non reactive pupils is suggestive of
Atropine poisoning
241
Which cells are responsible for the destruction of cells with decreased or absent MHC Class I proteins on their surface
Natural Killer cells
242
Which structure is involved in upper abdominal pain after opioid administration
Smooth muscle cells
243
Cause of anemia in CD55 and CD59 deficiency of a patient with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is through
Complement Activation
244
The important virulence factor in Ecoli is
Fimbrial antigen or pili
245
What monoclonal antibody is used to treat an invasive ductal carcinoma that shows human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2-positive breast cancer) and its target
Trastuzumab and it targets Tyrosine Kinase
246
What is the histological finding in Intraductal Papilloma
Papillary Cells in a duct or cyst wall
247
Soft, dark brown to black stones composed of calcium bilirubinate are
Brown pigment gallstones
248
Failure of the extra-embryonic gut to return to the abdominal cavity leads to
Omphalocele or gastroschisis
249
Most common cause of calcium kidney stone disease is idiopathic hypercalciuria which is characterized by
Normal serum calcium level with hypercalciuria (Normocalcemia, hypercalciuria)
250
In multiple sclerosis there is demyelinatin of axons which occur in the area of the white matter. There is loss of what
Myelin sheath and depletion of Oligodendrocytes
251
What is the laboratory diagnosis done to evaluate susceptibility to Ankylosing Spondylitis
Analysis of MHC Class I allele expression
252
Which hormone when secreted causes diarrhea
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
253
Which cancer type and tumor antigen is most likely to produce highest antibody titer
Cervical cancer----- Human papilomavirus type 16 (E6) protein
254
Shortness of breath, night sweats, weight loss biopsy shows multiple Noncaseating granulomas wit Giant cells
Sarcoidosis
255
An unconscious shifting of emotions or desire associated with a person from the past to another person in the present is
Transferance
256
Prolactinomas develop from lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) which is derived from
Surface ectoderm
257
The most common cause of spontaneous lobar hemorrhage of the occipital and parietal areas in the elderly
Cerebral Amyloid angiopathy
258
Severe hypotension, abdominal pain, vomiting, weakness and fever are suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. Pharmacological Treatment will be
Dexamethasone and hydrocortisone Aggressive fluid resuscitation
259
Universal vaccination with HBsAg would almost entirely eliminate
Delta agent infection (Hepatitis Delta virus)
260
The most aggressive type of lung cancer is
Small cell lung cancer (oat cell carcinoma)
261
Changes in social behavior can manifest in variable ways after head injury. What is the left and right sided lesion associated with
Left-sided lesion is associated with apathy Right sided lesion associated with disinhibition
262
In Fragile X condition there is
Gene Hypermethylation
263
In cystinuria lab findings will show
Aminoaciduria
264
Which organism is responsible for community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent patient
Strep pneumonia
265
What is important in using clavulanic acid or sulbactam or tazobactam with the penicillin family antibiotics
Decrease destruction of the penicillin family
266
In which organisms is TROPHOZOITES AND CYSTS seen in stool of patients with intestinal protozoal
GIARDIA LAMBLIA and Entamoeba histolytica
267
Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin are associated with ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus) by
Inhibiting genetic code reading and protein synthesis
268
What other medication can be used to treat Clostridium difficile infection
Metronidazole and vancomycin
269
Tall males, poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics atrophic testes and infertility
Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY)
270
Most common cause of meningitis in immunocompromised patients (AIDS patients)
Cryptococcus neoformans
271
A microtubule associated ATP-powered motor protein that facilitates the Anterograde transport of neurotransmitter-containing secretory vesicle down AXONS to SYNAPTIC TERMINALS (nerve terminals)
Kinesin
272
Acute effect of corticosteroid on white blood cells count in an increase in/ and decrease in
1. Neutrophile Count 2. lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil and eosinophil count
273
In carnitine deficiency or low carnitine, there is deficient synthesis of
Acetoacetate
274
What component is responsible for rapid Neutrophil locomotion (migration)
Leukotriene B4
275
Function of HIV gp41 protein
Inhibits viral Penetration into cells
276
Transient hypersensitivity disorder characterized by pruritic erythematous plaques that arise suddenly and resolve over hours
Urticaria (Hives)-- will present with DERMAL EDEMA
277
What is the cause of secondary achalasia (inability to swallow liquids and difficulty belching) in a person from Central or South America
Trypanosoma cruzi
278
Current depressive episode greater or equal to 2 weeks and past history suggestive of hypomanic episode are consistent with
Bipolar II disorder
279
Arterial myocytes release ANP which function to inhibit
renin release
280
Episodes of jaundice which may only become evident in the context of a trigger ( eg. illness, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, etc) is
Dubin Johnson syndrome
281
What is the cause of uncontrolled activation of pancreatic zymogens leading to pancreatic auto-digestion and acute pancreatitis
Premature cleavage of trypsinogen
282
What parameter correlates with the potency of inhaled anesthetic
Minimal alveolar concentration
283
The 180base pair Homeobox or Hox gene typically code for
Transcription Factors
284
What is the mechanism of Flutamide in the treatment of prostate cancer
Competitive testosterone receptor inhibitor that prevents androgen receptor interaction
285
What characteristic of a lesion best predicts its prognosis
Lymph node involvement by cells originating in the lesion
286
What is responsible for the IL-2 anticancer effect on metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma
Increase activity of T cells and Natural killer cells
