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A-Step 1 > Neuro 4 > Flashcards

Neuro 4 Flashcards

1
Q

HIV patient
infected with yeast that has a thick capsule
initial lung infection that travels to CNS

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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2
Q

Nerve length constant

A

measure of how far along a nerve an electrical impulse can propagate. Low length constant- can’t travel as far
Myelin- increases length constant and decreases time constant

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3
Q

Most common cause of death in patients with TCA overdose

A

refractory hypotension and cardiac arrythmias. Caused because TCAs inhibit fast sodium channels.

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4
Q 
Precocious puberty
obstructive hydrocephalus
parinaud syndrome (paralysis of upward gaze and convergence)
A

Pineal germinoma

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5
Q

In what gene are the repeats located in Fragile X syndrome?

A

FMR1 gene

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6
Q

Most common findings in PCA infarction

A

contralateral hemianopia (w/macular sparing)

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7
Q

Drugs that induce cyp450 system

A 
barbituates
rifampin
carbamazepine
griseofulvin
chronic alcohol consumption
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8
Q

Drugs that inhibit cyp450

A 
isoniazid
cimetidine
macrolides
azoleantigungals
grapefruit juice
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9
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation

A

congenital abnormality of impaired development of posterior fossa. Two types

1: benign and may manifest in adulthood as ataxia and headaches
2: more severe, evident in newborn (difficulty swallowing, dysphonia, stidor, apnea)

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10
Q

Most common cause of bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Prolactinoma (most common pituitary adenoma)

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11
Q

What birth defects are caused by valproate

A

Neural tube defects

valproate inhibits intestinal folic acid absorption

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12
Q

Two ways that amyloid plaques develop in Alzheimers disease

A
  1. Senile plaques- paranchymal extracellular deposits

2. Amyloid angiopathy- deposits in media and adventitia of cerebral vessels

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13
Q

What type of necrosis occurs in a CNS infarct

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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14
Q

What vessels are ruptured in a subdural hematoma

A

cortical bridging veins

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15
Q

What sense does not have a relay nuclei in the thalamus

A

smell

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16
Q

What sense has relay nuclei in the VPL nucleus

A

pain and temperature sensation, position and proprioception

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17
Q

What sense has relay nuclei in the lateral geniculate body

A

vision pathway

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18
Q

What sense has relay nuclei in the Medial geniculate body

A

auditory

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19
Q

What sense has relay nuclei in the VPM nucleus

A

taste

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20
Q

How do you measure potency of an inhaled anasthetic

A

minimal alveolar concentration

21
Q

Two causes of subarachnoid hemmorrhage

A

rupture of saccular aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation

22
Q

What is the most common complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Severe vasospams. usually occurs 4-12 days later

23
Q

What E.coli virulence factor allows for hematogenous spread?

A

capsule (K-1 antigen)

24
Q

Confusion, agitaion, tremor, tachycardia, hypertension, clonus, hyperreflexia, hyperthermia, and diapharesis
Patient who is on SSRIs

A

Serotonin syndrome

25
Q

Antidote used in severe cases of serotonin syndrome

A

Cyproheptadine (anti-histamine wih anti-serotonergic properties)

26
Q

Mechanism of Guillain-Barre

A

Bug has a ganglioside like substance in LPS layer
Antibodies formed cross react with myelin
Causes segmental demyelination and endoneural inflammatory infiltrate

27
Q

Guillian Barre is most stronly associated with which infectious agent

A

Campylobacter jejuni

28
Q

Symptoms of Guillian Barre

A

ascending muscle weakness, paralysis and areflexia

29
Q

First line of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder

A

Buspirone

Takes up to two weeks to build up to effectiveness and is not useful on an as needed basis.

30
Q

When are MAOIs still used for depression?

A

atypical depression and treatment-resistant depression

31
Q

Features of atypical depression

A

mood reactivity (major factor)
leaden fatigue
increased sleep and appetite

32
Q 
Low back pain radiating to one or both legs
Saddle anesthesia
loss of anocutaneous reflex
bladder and bowel dysfunction
loss of ankle-jerk reflex
plantar felxion weakness of feet
A

Cauda equina syndrome

damage to S2-S4 nerve roots

33
Q

Aneurysm in what arteries can effect CNIII?

A

posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries

34
Q

Cerebellar neoplasm in a child

Cystic tumor comprised of spindle cells with hair like glial processes and granular eosinophilic bodies

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

35
Q

Involuntary choreiform movements
dementia
behavioral abnormalities

A

Huntington’s

36
Q

Where do you lose neurons in Huntington’s

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

37
Q

Histologic changes in active MS plaques

A
  1. Demyelination with relative preservation of axons
  2. Accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages
  3. astrocytosis
  4. infiltration by lymphocytes and mononuclear cells
38
Q

Characteristic sites for Friedreich’s ataxia involement

A

Caused by mutation to “frataxin” which is necessary for normal mitochondrial involvement.

  1. spinocerebellar tract
  2. dorsal columns and dorsal root ganglia
  3. Kyphscoliosis and foot abnormalities
  4. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  5. Diabetes mellitus
39
Q

Neurons containing what neurotransmitter are lost in Huntington’s

A

GABA

40
Q

What are the three Dopaminergic systems?

A

Mesolimbic-mesocortical
- regulated behavior (Schizophrenia)
Nigrostriatal
- coordination of voluntary movements (Parkinsonism)
Tuberoinfundibular
- controls prolactin secretion (Hyperprolactinemia)

41
Q

What bacterial virulence factor causes toxicity associated in meningitis and meningococcemia?

A

Lipooligosaccharide

42
Q

What is the mechanism by which barbituate IV anesthetics wear off?

A

Redistribution of the drug into tissues

43
Q

MOA of penicillins and cephalosporins

A

irreversible binding to penicillin-binding proteins

44
Q

Major toxicity of lamotrigine

A

life-threatening hypersensitivity. First manifests as a skin rash.

45
Q

What antidepressants have a risk of inducing mania

A

TCAs and venlafaxine

46
Q

Mechanism of lorazepam?

A

Allosteric binding to GABA-A receptor, stimulating the influx of chorlide ions causing hyperpolarization.

47
Q

What three drugs allosterically bind to GABA receptors

A

Benzos, alcohol, and zolpidem

Functioning by facilitating the inhibitory action of GABA

48
Q

Structure of the three GABA receptors

A

GABA-A: ion channel
GABA-B: G-protein coupled receptor
GABA-C: ion channel

A-Step 1 (15 decks)

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