Neuro 2 Flashcards
How does a membranes permeability to an ion effect resting potential?
More permeable, closer membrane resting potential gets to that ion’s equilibrium potential
What vitamin should be avoided in levadopa therapy?
B6. Increases peripheral metabolism of levadopa, decreasing it’s effectiveness
Calcified suprasellar cystic tumor
Craniopharyngeoma. Arise from Rathke’s pouch.
How is duration of onset of an anesthetic effected by it’s solubility in peripheral tissues.
Blood has to be saturated before drug will reach blood-brain barrier. If there is high solubility in peripheral tissues it will take longer to reach a concentration where it is effective.
What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in all ages?
Strep pneumoniae
lancet shaped gram positive cocci found in pairs
Strep pneumo
Symmetrical enlargement of the ventriculi
Communicating hydrocephalus
bilateral wedge-shaped bands of necrosis over the cerebral convexity, just lateral to the interhemispheric fissure
Watershed infarct caused by global cerebral ischemia
Why can sensation to the posterior external auditory canal cause syncope?
Innervated by vagus nerve -> Vasovagal syncope
High potency typical antipsychotics
Haloperidol, fluphenazine, pimozide
Low potency typical antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
Atypical Antipsychotics
Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Mechanism of typical antipsychotics
block dopamine receptors
Mechanism of atypical antipsychotics
?? Effect on 5-HT, dopamine, and alpha-and H1 receptors
Mechanism of effects of normal pressure hydrocephalus
expanded ventricles puts pressure on cortical afferent and efferent fibers (including ones that control bladder)
Effects of prefrontal cortex lesions
inappropriate behavior
impaired judgement
lost problem solving skills
What form of dementia causes destruction of the frontal lobes?
Pick’s disease
What is the first area damaged during global cerebral ischemia?
hippocampus, pyramidal cells are more sensitive to oxygen loss
Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?
Dorsal surface of the medulla at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle (area postrema)
How long after ischemic brain injury do red neurons show up? What do they signify?
12-48 hours. Sign of irreversible injury
What area of the brain displays the greatest defree of atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease?
Hippocampus
Tendency for clinical symptoms of a genetic disorder to worsen or occur earlier in subsequent generations:
Anticipation (Occurs with paternal transmission of Huntingtons)
How does ketamine block opioid tolerance?
Blocks NMDA receptor, which, when activated by glutamate, can enhance opioid tolerance by increasing phosphorylation of opioid receptors.
What germ layer is the anterior pituitary derived from?
Surface ectoderm
Histologic findings in Alzherimer’s dementia
Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
What is the first line of treatment for narcolepsy?
Scheduled daytime naps and psychostimulants (most commonly modafinil)
Intracellular bacteria that can grow at refigeration temperatures
Listeria monocytogenes
Cause of MS
unknown, but probably autoimmune
Nerve that supplies medial 1 and 1/2 digits of hand
ulnar
Rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks
CJD
Symptoms of Anterior cerebral artery occlusion
weakness of contralateral legs, trunk, and genitals
Behavior and mood changes (frontal lobe structures)
MOA of cocaine and TCAs
inhibits presynaptic reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in adernergic synapses
Best initial lab test for temporal arteritis
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Confirmed by temporal artery biopsy
STAT treatment for temporal arteritis
Corticosteroids to prevent vision loss
Most common cause of cerebral intraparenchymal hemmorrhage
Hypertension causing Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysms
Fluent aphasia
speech that is fluent with correct articulation and rhythm, but has no meaning. Due to Wernicke’s area lesion (Word salad)
What vessel supplies Wernicke’s area?
Middle cerebral artery
Mechanism of Lambert Eaton Syndrome
antibodies to voltage gated presynaptic calcium channels
Mechanism of tetanus toxin
prevents release of GABA and glycine in inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord.
What viral infection causes subacute sclerosing encephalitis
Measles (rare complication). Occurs years after initial infection
Treatment for cardiac abnormalities caused by TCA overdose
Sodium Bicarbonate
Major function of Ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus
Mediates satiety, stimulated by leptin
Major function of lateral hypothalamic nuclei
mediates hunger, inhibited by leptin
Major function of anterior hypothalamic nuclei
mediates heat dissipation via parasympathetics
Major function of posterior hypothalamic nuclei
mediates heat conversion via sympathetics
Major function of arcurate hypothalamic nuclei
secretion of dopamine (inhibits prolactin), GHRH and gonadotropin
Major function of paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei
ADH, Corticotropin releasing hormone, oxytocin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion
Major function of supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei
secretion of ADH and oxytocin
Major function of Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei
Circadian rhythm regulation and pineal gland function
Symptoms of serotonin syndrome
- Neuromuscular excitation
- Autonomic stimulation
- Altered mental status
What non-neuro drugs can cause seretonin syndrome when given with other serotonergic drugs
tramadol (analgesic), ondansetron, and linezolid (abx)
Symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia
Progressive ataxia of all four limbs Loss of position and vibration sensation Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Skeletal abnormalitites (hammer toes) DM
Reversal agent for atropine/Jimson weed poisioning
Physostigmine- increases concentration of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft by inhibiting cholinesterase
