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A-Step 1 > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does a membranes permeability to an ion effect resting potential?

A

More permeable, closer membrane resting potential gets to that ion’s equilibrium potential

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2
Q

What vitamin should be avoided in levadopa therapy?

A

B6. Increases peripheral metabolism of levadopa, decreasing it’s effectiveness

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3
Q

Calcified suprasellar cystic tumor

A

Craniopharyngeoma. Arise from Rathke’s pouch.

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4
Q

How is duration of onset of an anesthetic effected by it’s solubility in peripheral tissues.

A

Blood has to be saturated before drug will reach blood-brain barrier. If there is high solubility in peripheral tissues it will take longer to reach a concentration where it is effective.

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in all ages?

A

Strep pneumoniae

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6
Q

lancet shaped gram positive cocci found in pairs

A

Strep pneumo

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7
Q

Symmetrical enlargement of the ventriculi

A

Communicating hydrocephalus

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8
Q

bilateral wedge-shaped bands of necrosis over the cerebral convexity, just lateral to the interhemispheric fissure

A

Watershed infarct caused by global cerebral ischemia

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9
Q

Why can sensation to the posterior external auditory canal cause syncope?

A

Innervated by vagus nerve -> Vasovagal syncope

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10
Q

High potency typical antipsychotics

A

Haloperidol, fluphenazine, pimozide

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11
Q

Low potency typical antipsychotics

A

Chlorpromazine

Thioridazine

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12
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine
Quetiapine

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13
Q

Mechanism of typical antipsychotics

A

block dopamine receptors

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14
Q

Mechanism of atypical antipsychotics

A

?? Effect on 5-HT, dopamine, and alpha-and H1 receptors

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15
Q

Mechanism of effects of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

expanded ventricles puts pressure on cortical afferent and efferent fibers (including ones that control bladder)

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16
Q

Effects of prefrontal cortex lesions

A

inappropriate behavior
impaired judgement
lost problem solving skills

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17
Q

What form of dementia causes destruction of the frontal lobes?

A

Pick’s disease

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18
Q

What is the first area damaged during global cerebral ischemia?

A

hippocampus, pyramidal cells are more sensitive to oxygen loss

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19
Q

Where is the chemoreceptor trigger zone located?

A

Dorsal surface of the medulla at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle (area postrema)

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20
Q

How long after ischemic brain injury do red neurons show up? What do they signify?

A

12-48 hours. Sign of irreversible injury

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21
Q

What area of the brain displays the greatest defree of atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Hippocampus

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22
Q

Tendency for clinical symptoms of a genetic disorder to worsen or occur earlier in subsequent generations:

A

Anticipation (Occurs with paternal transmission of Huntingtons)

23
Q

How does ketamine block opioid tolerance?

A

Blocks NMDA receptor, which, when activated by glutamate, can enhance opioid tolerance by increasing phosphorylation of opioid receptors.

24
Q

What germ layer is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

Surface ectoderm

25
Q

Histologic findings in Alzherimer’s dementia

A

Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

26
Q

What is the first line of treatment for narcolepsy?

A

Scheduled daytime naps and psychostimulants (most commonly modafinil)

27
Q

Intracellular bacteria that can grow at refigeration temperatures

A

Listeria monocytogenes

28
Q

Cause of MS

A

unknown, but probably autoimmune

29
Q

Nerve that supplies medial 1 and 1/2 digits of hand

A

ulnar

30
Q

Rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks

A

CJD

31
Q

Symptoms of Anterior cerebral artery occlusion

A

weakness of contralateral legs, trunk, and genitals

Behavior and mood changes (frontal lobe structures)

32
Q

MOA of cocaine and TCAs

A

inhibits presynaptic reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in adernergic synapses

33
Q

Best initial lab test for temporal arteritis

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Confirmed by temporal artery biopsy

34
Q

STAT treatment for temporal arteritis

A

Corticosteroids to prevent vision loss

35
Q

Most common cause of cerebral intraparenchymal hemmorrhage

A

Hypertension causing Charcot-Bouchard pseudoaneurysms

36
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

speech that is fluent with correct articulation and rhythm, but has no meaning. Due to Wernicke’s area lesion (Word salad)

37
Q

What vessel supplies Wernicke’s area?

A

Middle cerebral artery

38
Q

Mechanism of Lambert Eaton Syndrome

A

antibodies to voltage gated presynaptic calcium channels

39
Q

Mechanism of tetanus toxin

A

prevents release of GABA and glycine in inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord.

40
Q

What viral infection causes subacute sclerosing encephalitis

A

Measles (rare complication). Occurs years after initial infection

41
Q

Treatment for cardiac abnormalities caused by TCA overdose

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

42
Q

Major function of Ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus

A

Mediates satiety, stimulated by leptin

43
Q

Major function of lateral hypothalamic nuclei

A

mediates hunger, inhibited by leptin

44
Q

Major function of anterior hypothalamic nuclei

A

mediates heat dissipation via parasympathetics

45
Q

Major function of posterior hypothalamic nuclei

A

mediates heat conversion via sympathetics

46
Q

Major function of arcurate hypothalamic nuclei

A

secretion of dopamine (inhibits prolactin), GHRH and gonadotropin

47
Q

Major function of paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei

A

ADH, Corticotropin releasing hormone, oxytocin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion

48
Q

Major function of supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei

A

secretion of ADH and oxytocin

49
Q

Major function of Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei

A

Circadian rhythm regulation and pineal gland function

50
Q

Symptoms of serotonin syndrome

A
  1. Neuromuscular excitation
  2. Autonomic stimulation
  3. Altered mental status
51
Q

What non-neuro drugs can cause seretonin syndrome when given with other serotonergic drugs

A

tramadol (analgesic), ondansetron, and linezolid (abx)

52
Q

Symptoms of Friedreich’s ataxia

A 
Progressive ataxia of all four limbs
Loss of position and vibration sensation
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Skeletal abnormalitites (hammer toes)
DM
53
Q

Reversal agent for atropine/Jimson weed poisioning

A

Physostigmine- increases concentration of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft by inhibiting cholinesterase

A-Step 1 (15 decks)

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