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Pyschology > Neural Conduction + Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Neural Conduction + Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

what is membrane potential

A

differences in electircial charge inside/oustide a cell

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2
Q

what is the resting potential

A

steady membrane potential at -70 mv when neuron is polarized

more Na+ ions outsider cell and k+ ions inside cells

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3
Q

what is the sodium potattsump pump

A

exchanges 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions as ions across cell membrane

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4
Q

what do neurotransmitters do

A

fired form neurons; diffuse across synaptic cleft and interact with receptor molecules on other neurons to either depolraize/hypoerolarize resting potentials

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5
Q

deplorization

A

decreasing the resting potential; to increase firing (exictation)

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6
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increasing the resting potential= to decrease firing (inhibition)

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7
Q

what is an action pottential

A

1 ms; reversal of membran epotneital from -70 mv to + 50 mv for an electrical signal to occur to an ALL or NOTHING response

happens due to changes of voltage-activated ion channels that open/close in response to changing levels of membrane potential

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8
Q

what is the absolute refrtaory period

A

1-2 ms post-action potential when no AP can be generated

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9
Q

what is the relative refratory period

A

only possible to fire neurons with an ELEVATED stimulation

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10
Q

describe how an action potential is propogated

A
  1. neuron at rest= -70 mv
  2. intiation of AP (positive charged Na+ charge ENTER= neuron depolarizes)= reaches + 50 mv
  3. movement of AP (repolarization of axon to negative charge due to negative ions= k+ ions flood OUT)
  4. hyperpolarization (suuuper negative to -90 mv)
  5. refratory period (sodium potattisup pump; 3 NA out for 2 K in)
  6. back to resting state
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11
Q

three stages of an action potential

A

depoloarization
repolarizaiton
hyperpolarization and refratory period

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12
Q

what is PSPs

A

post-synpatic potential: changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse.

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13
Q

what is spatial summation

A

how multiple signals are integraed into one response (from ESPS + ISPS)

E1 + E2 signals

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14
Q

what is the threshold of exictation

A

when the sum of depolraization + hyperpolarization is enoughh to depolarize the membrane (around -64 mv)

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15
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

‘jumping cnoduction’ whereby an AP travel sdown the nodes of ranvier in myenliated axons to speed up AP

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16
Q

what is ESPS

A

exictatory posynaptic potentials; exicte the threshold of a neuron to openin the voltage-gated Na+ channels to reverse the neuronal potential= DEPLARIZE

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17
Q

what is IPSPs

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials = HYPOERPOLARIZE

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18
Q

temporal summation

A

two of the same E1 (e1 + e1)

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19
Q

subthreshold

A

no summation occurs

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20
Q

spatial summation

A

Inhibitory and Exictatory (E1 + I1)

21
Q

process of sodium pottassium pump

A
  1. transports 3 Na+ ions out for every 2k+ ions in during resting potential
  2. ions move down a concentration gradient (Na+ ions tend to enter/k+ to leave)
  3. negative internal charge= pressures both Na+ and K+ to enter
  4. sodium pottassium pump transports 3 Na+ out for every 2+ in
22
Q

what do voltage activated ion channels do

A

two types: K+ and Na+ channels

they oped/close when changes in membrane potential occur

23
Q

what happens when the ESPS exictes the threshold

A
  1. na+ voltage gated channels open and reverse MP from -70 mv to 50 mv
  2. na+ channels close which open the k+ voltaged gated channels
  3. voltage gated k+ ions channels stay open untill resting potential levels out
24
Q

how does AP conucdtion differ from ESPS/ISPS

A
  1. axonal conduction is continous (does’t grow weaker along axonal membrane); nondecremental
  2. axonal potentials are conducted more slowly than PSPs
  3. axonal conduction using AP is active whereas IPSP/EPSP is passive
  4. axonal condition using AP jumps along neurons (saltatory conduction)
25
Q

membrane charges of depoloarization, reporlarization, hypoerpolarizaton

A

depolarization= - to +

repolarization= + to -

hyperpolarization= - to veeeryy =

26
Q

synaptic tranmission

A

how AP arriving at terminal buttons trigger the release of neurotramistters into synampsies that interact with other cells causing exictatory/inhibitatory effects

27
Q

types of synapses

A
  1. directed synapses

2. neurodirected synapses

28
Q

directed synapses

A

synapses at which the site of NT release + site of NT reception are close in proximity

29
Q

neurodirected synapases

A

synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception

30
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

using neurotransmitters released into synaptic clefts inducing EPSP or ISPS as they bind onto receptors of post-synaptic membranes

31
Q

categorgies of NT

A
  1. small

2. large (neuropeptides= small amino acid chains)

32
Q

how are small NT produced

A

synthesized in cytoplasm of axton terminal buttons

33
Q

how are large NT produced

A

these neuropeptites are assembed by ribosomes

34
Q

how are small NT pacakaged/transported

A

packaged in synaptic vescles by golgi complex—> then stored as clusters in vesicles nedt to presynpatic membrane

35
Q

how are large NT packaged/transported

A

packaged by golgi complex and transported by microtubues to axton terminals

36
Q

how are NT released into the cleft

A

small= by exocytosis

large= by gradual release by CA2+ ions increase levels using protein channels

37
Q

receptor subtypes

A

the different types of receptors to which a particular NT can bind to

38
Q

ligand

A

any molecule that binds to another (so NT is a ligand of the receptor on the post-synpatic neuron)

39
Q

what happens when a NT binds to a metabotrophic receptor

A
  1. a G protein breaks away
  2. a subunit moves along inside of membrance survace and bins to ion channel
  3. OR mayy trigger a secondary messanger
40
Q

reuptake

A

once released; NET are drawn back into synaptic buttons b transporters

41
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

NT are degrased by enzymes

42
Q

what 2 mechanisms terminate synaptic messages

A
  1. reuptake

2. enzymatic degration

43
Q

role of gial cells in synaptic transmission

A
  1. astrocystes release chemical transmitters for receptors of NT to conduct signals
44
Q

what is a gap junction

A

type of electrical synapse= space between adjadcent neurons where cytoplasm allows for cotinious flow of electrical signals and NT between two neurons

unlike normal synapses= less selective BUT faster communication/bidirectional communication

45
Q

types of aminoacid neurotransitters

A

fast acting:

glutamate
aspartaten glycine
gammaminobutryic acid
GABA

46
Q

monoamine neurotransmitters

A

class of small NT:

dopamine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
serotonin

47
Q

acetylocholine NT

A

bbetween neuromuscular junctions

small and broken down by enzymes in sunapse

48
Q

unconventional NT

A
  1. soluble gas NT (nitric oxide and carbon monoximide)

involved in retrograde transmission

49
Q

types of neuropeptides (5)

A
  1. pituitary peptides (hormones)
  2. hypothalamtic peptides (hormones)
  3. brain-gut peptides
  4. opiod peptides
  5. miscellaneous peptides

Pyschology (13 decks)

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