Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pyschology > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

what is language

A

a sysetmatic/local variation of a dialect that exhibitions identity and communicates thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clark & Clark Properties of Language (5)

A
  1. communicative
  2. arbitrary
  3. structured
  4. generative
  5. dynamic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hocketts 1963 “Features of language”; what are they

A

looked at how speech was structured

13 in total; 10-13 HUMAN SPECICIFIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hockets human specific features of language

A
  1. displacement
  2. productivity
  3. duality of patterning
  4. cultural transimission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hockets non-human specific features of language (1-9)

A 
1Vocal-auditory channel (Vocalization)
2Rapid fading (transitoriness)
3Broadcast Transmission
4Interchangeability
5Total feedback
6Specialization
7Semanticity
8Arbitrariness: 
9Discreteness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Displacement

A

Communicating about things or events that are distant in time or space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discreteness:

A

Language can be said to be built up from discrete units (e.g.,
phonemes in human language). Exchanging such discrete units causes a change in
the meaning of a signal. This is an abrupt change, rather than a continuous change
of meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arbitrariness

A

There is an arbitrary relationship between a signal and its meaning.

That is, the signal is related to the meaning by convention or by instinct but has
no inherent relationship with the meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Semanticitiy

A

There is a fixed relationship between a signal and a meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specialization:

A

Specialization: The signal produced is specialized for communication and is not the
side effect of some other behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

total feedback

A

The sender of a message also perceives the message. That is, you hear what you say.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

interchangeatbility

A

All utterances that are understood can be produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rapid fading (transitoriness)

A 
Rapid fading (transitoriness): Signal last a short time. This is true of all systems
involving sound.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vocal-auditory channel:

A

sounds emitted from the mouth and perceived by the

auditory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Duality of Patterning

A

Large numbers of meaningful signals (e.g., morphemes or
words) produced from a small number of meaningless units (e.g., phonemes). (we can recombine words into infinitite number of sentences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

Each generation needs to learn the system of communication from the preceding generation.
(we arent born with it= its locally learned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Producitivity

A

Language is an open system. We can produce potentially an infinite number of different messages by combining the elements differently. (create new meanings/utterances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does ‘arbitrary’ mean

A

the relationship between a symbol and what it means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does ‘structured’ mean

A

how words, symbols are placed into strucutures to create meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

‘generative’ means…

A

the ability to create new utterances all the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

dynamic aspect of lanauge

A

langauges changes among individuals/societiy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of animals with lanauge

A
  1. stirling birds and regional songs
  2. kanzi the chimp
  3. alex the parrot
  4. koko the goriila
  5. dolphins and vocalizations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Kanzi the CHimp

A

undersatnd; but can’t produce english

follows instructions (i.e. cuts onions) based on VOCAL siignals (researchers wears mask to prove this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Alex the Parrot

A

exhibits displacement:

—> can responsd to questions but not describe/distinguish objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is recursion

A

the abiltiy to take a result of an operation and apply it infinetelty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

signifiance of diplacement in brain damaged patients

A

people with aphasia: cant modify/apply multi-word utterances; only memorize them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 6 levels of analyzing language

A
  1. phonetics
  2. phonology
  3. morphology
  4. semantics
  5. grammar
  6. pragmatics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are phonetic

A

acousitistic properties of speech signals (sounds) we produce and the perception of those signals

involves: sound durations, content , melodies, vowels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is phonology

A

the interpretation of speech sounds in a particular language and it deals with phoneme: the smallest unit of sound. (Translationg sounds to signals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a phoneme

A

a ‘meaning changing unit’

(pen vs pin): how simple differences shape speech perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

english vs japanse pronounciation phoneme example

A

‘reik’ vs ‘leik’ pronounced different (perception of sound differs in brain/pronounciation of the word)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is morphology

A

study of word forms

unit= morpheme

deals with= grammar + regularities in the language

33
Q

what is a morpheme

A

a ‘meaning carrying unit’

e.g. -ing (aphex), nouns, verbs, etc., head words, compound words

34
Q

what is semantics

A

the meaning and representaiton of a word
is:

  1. combinatorial= complex messages assembled by different words
  2. idioms= contextual knowledge of certain combinations
35
Q

what is the N400 effect

A

reflects semantic violations where in EEG studies the brain response to semantically incorrect sequeuncs 400ms after the sentences

36
Q

“whipped cream tastes anxious” would issue what in the brain?

A

a N400 effect as it is a semantic error

37
Q

what is grammar

A

how we put words together using ‘rules’

units of phrases are put into heirarhical strucutres

involves combinatiorial rules/and contextual knowledge of that language

38
Q

statistical aspect of grammar

A

some words statistically appear more than others, such as passives

39
Q

what is the p600 effect

A

response to grammar violations in EEG

40
Q

what is pragmatics

A

the use of language in itneraction, communication

units= infroamtion (relebance, duration, ‘turn-taking’, approrpoaitness, social situsions and variance)

41
Q

what three types of damages can occur to language

A
  1. production (brocas aphasia)
  2. comprehstion (wernickes aphasia)
  3. conduction (conduction aphasia)
42
Q

who was patient tan

A

he had a stroke and could only then say ‘tan’: Paul Broca investgiated this and realized he had damage to the ‘brocas area’

43
Q

what was still fine in patient tan

A

his language comprehsion and motor control abiltiy

44
Q

what was wrong with patient tan

A

his abiltiy to produce language

45
Q

what is brocas area

A

the inferior frontal gyrus in the brain responsible for languate production (writing, speaking, sign language)

46
Q

who was sarah scott

A

a patient with brocas aphasia in 2008 who coul dunderstand but not produce language

47
Q

what could sarah scott still do and what could she not do

A

could only produce memorize words (noun + content words) but not use verb/function verbs

48
Q

who was Karl Wernicke

A

investigated language= discovered wernickes aphasi

49
Q

what is wernickes aphasia

A

the inbaility to comprehend language or produce MEANINFUL speech due to a brain damage

50
Q

what goes remains and what goes missing in wernickes apahsia

A

YES; grammar/function words

NO: noun/content words

51
Q

where is wernickes area

A

posterior superior temporal cortex

52
Q

what do people with wernicke struggle with

A

they know WHAT and HOW of an object but language abiltiy is impaired so they cna only produe nonsense words/incorrect word-object associations

53
Q

Who was Ludwig Lichtheim

A

coined the ‘connectionism’ concept of the Wenicke-Lichtheim model
he focused on
language processing as being locally specialised.

54
Q

what is conduction aphasia

A

also called associative aphasia, is a relatively rare form of aphasia.

An acquired language disorder, it is characterized by intact auditory comprehension, fluent (yet paraphasic) speech production, but poor speech repetition.

(dicciulty REPEATING a word: issue in listening/producing)

55
Q

where is the damage in conduction aphasia

A

in the arcuate fasciularis

56
Q

compare conduction aphasia to broca/wernicke aphasia

A

speech is still fluent
comprehesion still good

difficulty in repeititon

57
Q

alternative name for wernickes aphasia

A

receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia, or posterior aphasia

58
Q

arcuate fasciularis

A

a bundle of white-matter tracts that connect brocas and wernickes area

The arcuate bidirectionally connects caudal temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex to locations in the frontal lobe.

59
Q

sylvian fissures

A

The Sylvian fissure, also known as the lateral sulcus, separates the frontal and parietal lobes superiorly from the temporal lobe inferiorly. where broca/wernickes area are found

60
Q

what area of the sylvian fissure is for language

A

the left side (hence is longer)

61
Q

Geswind-Levitsky 1968 Concept

A

Human brain: left-right asymmetries in planum temporal speech area

found that the left temporal is slightely larger than the right for speech

62
Q

Wernicke-Geschind Model

A

how langauge is produced/comphrehend; the artculate fasciularies combines broca and wernickes areas to produce, understand and make language connections

–> a dichotomic model treathing speech production + comphresision sas 2 different things in 2 different areas

63
Q

what are some of the key issues with the concept of ‘brocas area’ (4)

A
  1. lesions to brocas area doesnt mean you will have brocas aphasia
  2. people with brocas aphasia= don’t always have a lesion in brocas area
  3. brocas area also causes issues with langauge comprehesion
  4. brocas area also responsbible for other functions (speech perception, music) and is activated in non-linguistic factors
64
Q

what else and where does brocas area affect

A

the FLUENCY of a language= especialyl lesions in parietal white patter in the aterior insula

65
Q

grammar impairtment in brocas area patient

A

sarah scott= can understand grammar but not use function words (conjunctions, preoporistion)

66
Q

what is aggramatism

A

a tendency to form sentences without the correct inflectional structure as a result of brain damage, as in Broca’s aphasia.

67
Q

what are the issues with wernickes area concept

A
  1. lesions to Wernicke’s area= doesn’t always cause Wernicke’s aphasia
  2. Wernickes aphasia= doesn’t mean a lesion is in Wernicke’s area
68
Q

issues with Wernicke=Gewschind Idea

A

whole STG defined as ‘speech reception region’ but later neurologists found that poster STG + IPL also have language

69
Q

fMRI studies and word distribution

A

action words= motivate motor areas
colour words= motivate colour perception areas

—> show words are ‘disttributed in brain’ parallel to the organization of sensory + moetor systems

70
Q

contradiction to ‘left language’ area

A

right hemipshree also involved in comprehesions for more COMPLEX languages like idioms, metaphors, etc
and unerstanding of SELF-production of language
(anterior temporal region)

71
Q

what rules out the unified meaning center idea

A

that right hemisphere also involved

that words are evyewhere (action words= foot in motot area vs face in face motor area)

72
Q

what is MUC

A

alternative hypothesis to language prodution by Peter Hagoot

the current model: Memory, Unification, Control

Abandonds werniche-gewschined production-comphresiion dichotomy

73
Q

Memory: what and where

A

for storage of knowledge about language (content words, word forms, meaning)

located in posterior temporal cortex + angular gyrus in parietal cortex

74
Q

Unification: what and where

A

combining something (cells, meaning, semanticsgrammar)

stored in brocas area

75
Q

Control: what and where

A

language in social itneractions (information reliances, etc)

in frontal areas of parietal cortex

76
Q

what is syntax

A

how words combine with other words to form phrases/sentences according to rules

77
Q

problems with wernicke-geswichind model

A
  • no clear relationship between brocas area + speech production
  • no clear relationship between wernickes area + language production
  • language is not left lateralized (no centre of speech)
78
Q

methods to study langauges

A
  1. brain (neuroimagine, eeg, fmri, lesions)
  2. social itneractions
  3. corpus collection
79
Q

building blocks of lnauge

A

phonemes + morpheses + grammar

Pyschology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions