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Pyschology > Attention and Consciousness > Flashcards

Attention and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

what does visuation attention classically infleunce

A
  1. top down

2. bottom up

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2
Q

attention in a social context

A

presence of another person of a stimulus

  1. aspirations, intentions, desires (cognitive STATE)
  2. stimuluz, gaze direction, emotional expression and social identityt
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3
Q

what is social attention

A

a cognitive process determined by looking at another person

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4
Q

reciprocal social attention

A

when individuals mintor the success of an interaaction, identify problems and logalize errors

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5
Q

what is social attention useful for

A

interpersonal communication

succesful cooperation

human interdependence

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6
Q

what is gaze cuing

A

a facial stimuli that cues attention

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7
Q

Posners Spatial Cueing 1980

A

red dot on screen (non social condition)

tell participant that dog is where another person is looking (social conditiong)

in ‘social condition’ responses to target changed= magnitute of inhibition of return of effect is greater

‘you react faster to stumili at an attended location’

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8
Q

what is attention

A

a selective mechanism that ‘filers’ the world to orient an individual to a limited number of events at any one time

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9
Q

why does selective attention exist

A

brain= limited capacity processor

so anatomy/physiology doesnt let unlimited processing of incormation (high energy costs/neuronal firing costs) + high compression of sensory infroamtion from retina

TOO MUCH DATA to process= hence attention system FILTERS external/internal processes to improve effiecency

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10
Q

General Gist of Micheal Posners Spatial Queing Paradigm

A

studies attentional performance by attracting attention + bringing it back to a target

Valid= (in the same place)= faster response

anywhere else in visual field= more slow

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11
Q

spatial selective experiment

A

visual attention focused on a task at hand (reading accuraetly) to point that she doesnt realize all words are turining into x

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12
Q

what 2 mechanisms directs visual selective attention

A
  1. saliency (bottom ‘up’)

2. relevancy (‘top down relevant’)

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13
Q

what is relevancy (‘top down relevant’) attention

A

a purposeful and goal oriented mechanism known as endogenous attention

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14
Q

how does attention change neural activity

A

it imporves the signal to noise raito in sensory systems—> makes stimuli more salient and increases the neural activity as a result

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15
Q

Egly, Driver and Rafal Experiment

A

attention is OBJECT selective:

1. spatial location not everything as visual attention cares more about OBJECTS

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16
Q

what is ‘inhibition of return’

A

Posners idea: ‘ability to reenage attention to a location previously attended is compromised due to bias towards novel locations’

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17
Q

what is selective attention

A

focusining consciousness on a specific or gorup of stimulius

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18
Q

cocktail party effect

A

focusing on 1 conversation in a noisy party but responding to when you hear your name (spotlights change and are selective)

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19
Q

what is inattensional blindness

A

through selectivity becoming unaware to other stmiulu (like a gorilla in a football game or magicians using misdirection)

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20
Q

change blindness

A

psychological phenomena in which we fail to notice a change in an environment

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21
Q

examples of change blindness

A

(‘person swap experiment’) or (‘failure to notices things= false eye witness testimonies in court)

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22
Q

social ‘attribution theory’

A

we can explaint someones behaviour by creditng their stable/enduring traits/the stituation oat hand

(disposition and situational)

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23
Q

fundamental attribution area

A

when we understatime the situation (context) and overestimate the personal disposition

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24
Q

what did leon festinger come up with

A

theory of cognitive dissonance

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25
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

we’re uncomfortable when our thoughts/believs/behaviours are inconsistent with each other

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26
Q

william james 1890; what did he do

A

investigated the mind scientifically (looked at consciousness as a continiously moving stream)

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27
Q

types of attention

A

selective
divded
sustained
execeutive

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28
Q

what is phenmenology

A

describes the state of interests

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29
Q

how is information processed

A

filtered from external and internal processes

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30
Q

what are filtering biases

A

we are less aware of world around us than we think as we filter the more relevant/salient/notictable things to be efficient

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31
Q

Richard D. Wismen

A

a magician who misleads attention to cards so you don’t notice things change

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32
Q

what is fliker

A

type of change blindness; removes the salience of change and leaves us to focus on relevant things by using visible bright light changes

tracks eye movement

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33
Q

what happens when you remove flicker

A

you become better at noticing changes as our top-down expectaitons of what you think is important is removed

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34
Q

what did posner see attention as

A

a spotlight that enhances sefficency of detection of events

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35
Q

spatial attention

A

focusing on a space in our visual field

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36
Q

is the movement of our eyes and our attention the same

A

nope! within our visual field they can be separate

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37
Q

Posners Cueing Experiment Design

A
  1. participants detect a target stimulus and response on the screen
  2. participants are cued before the stimulus appears
  3. exogenesous cues= at same location of stimulus
  4. endogenous cues= an arrow points to the location of the stimulus

cues can be valid/invalid= valid cues have faster response

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38
Q

Posners experiment: cue stimulus intervals

A

spatial visual attention moves to prioritize an area

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39
Q

what is covert attention

A

paying attention without moving eyes

40
Q

what is overt attention

A

selectively processing one locaiton over others by moving the ideas there

41
Q

Posner “SPOTLIGHT”

A

max acuity; can be protracted or split

spotlight exists tha tblurs the rest of the world

42
Q

Text Reading Experiment

A

measures the broadness of attention in terms of acuity

normally= we don’t read in a straight line

in experiment= forcess you to read one word at a time

shows attention is spatially selective

43
Q

exogenous attention

A

bottom up salient;

involuntary and refletive attention mechanism

something that GRABS your arrention

44
Q

how does signal to noise raito work`

A

in our sensory system, studies show attention improves this as things in the ‘back of the brain’ function to make some stuff ‘stand out more’/make electrical signals cleaner

45
Q

McAdams 2005 Experiment

A

used macaques to show that modulation in single-celled firing rates of a cell occur in the primary and secondary visual centers

46
Q

McAdams 2005 Experiment Findings

A
  1. attention reaches back of brain in initial stages of visual cortical processing
47
Q

human study version of McAdams 2005 Experiment

A

MEG recordings increase activity in v2/v1 during attended conditions

48
Q

inihbition of return definition

A

an orientation mechansims that enhances the spped and accuracy at which an object is detected after its attended which impairs future speed and accuracy

49
Q

why does inhibition of return exist

A

possible evolutionary mechanism to always look at new things if brian already has information on an old area

50
Q

where is inhibition of return mediated

A

in the MIDBRAIN

51
Q

how is attention moved

A
  1. saliency

2. relevance

52
Q

example of how visual saliency is guided

A

‘wheres waldo’; we focus on relevant features (red and white)

53
Q

Colour Change Card Trick (Richard Wiseman) 4 point process?

A
  1. tells u its a card trick= top down expectaiton
  2. tells u colour will cahnge= object selectivity
  3. camera focuses on an area= spatial selectivity
  4. camera acts a s a aflicker= decreases saliency of change
54
Q

what four factors influence our attention

A
  1. top down expectations
  2. object selecitvity
  3. spatial selectiviy
  4. the saliency of change
55
Q

what does Gustav Kuhn do

A

studies visual attention in people during magic tricks using diversion/misdirection

56
Q

henderson and hayes 2017 did what…

A

in a ‘heat map of a room’ demonstrated where peoples attentions went

57
Q

henderson and hayes 2017 argued…

A

that social meaning is more important than the SALIENCY of attention as people focus on social objects in a house

58
Q

collectivist vs individual cultures

A

interest in whole vs indinters in individual

59
Q

Social Revision of Posners INhibition of Return Task Design

A

researches compare faces vs scrambleed faces as cues to see if social stimiuli are special

60
Q

Social Revision of Posners INhibition of Return Task FINDINGS

A
  1. no changes in IOR compared to nonsocial cues

issues:
1. doesnt test socialness

  1. is counterintuitive as we live in a social context (socialness has not been operationalised= we need to improve ecological validity)
61
Q

Gobel, Tuft + Richardson 2017 Experiment Design

A

tell 2 patients that the other is being eyetracked by a red dot demonstrating where the other is lookin ing the inhibition of return task

62
Q

Gobel, Tuft + Richardson 2017 Experiment FINDINGS

A
  1. social attention infleunces LOW LEVEL attention mechanisms
    - –> participants slower to return to original location if what pulls u back is the ‘eyes of someone else’(trust)
  2. social rank influences attention
    - -> high rank oxford porfessor vs janitor= higher IOR with professor as more social trust
63
Q

Gobel, Kim and Richardson 2014 ‘4th wall experiment’ aim

A

investigate dual function of gaze; whether having something LOOK BACK at you infleunces your attention

64
Q

Gobel, Kim and Richardson 2014 ‘4th wall experiment’ design

A
  1. video camera recording an individual watching an undergrad/professor under impression that the researchers are studying first impressions
  2. some told your video will be destroyed
  3. others told your video will be shown to the profesor to watch

(mainupate social context of signall vs percieving social ucues)

65
Q

Gobel, Kim and Richardson 2014 ‘4th wall experiment’ findings

A
  1. when told video wuld be destroyed= focus is on eyes f professor
  2. when told video would be shown to professor= focus is on eyes of undergrad
66
Q

Gobel, Kim and Richardson 2014 ‘4th wall experiment’ conclusion

A

when there are people of status we defeclt our eyes

–> deflecting eyes from something CONTRONTATIONAL (also in primates)

67
Q

what did sigmund freud do with consciousness

A

used pyscholanalysis to show that a large amount of behaviour is directed by unconscious processes as opposed to by intuition (instinct)

68
Q

what is consciousness

A

awareness of self and the environment

69
Q

evidence of unconciousness

A

blindsight

70
Q

what is blidness

A

ability to attend to objects without explicit consciousness awareness

71
Q

cortical blindness

A

cortically blind can’t ‘see’ anything but still/moving around objects in a room due to UNCONSCIOUS perception

72
Q

origins of blindsight

A
  1. damage to primary visual cortex causing cortical blidness
73
Q

why do cortically blind people still ‘see’ to some extent

A

as the visual informaiton still enters and is procssed by the higher V2 cortical area bia the archaich pathway in the superior colluclus= activation of this pathway affects UNCONSCIOUS awareness

74
Q

what do social norms do

A

govern behaviour unconsciously= we can go to auto-pilot move

act as ‘scripts’ that govern behaviour

75
Q

Longer, BLank and Chanowitz 1978 Script Study Aim

A

how changing the ‘script’ alters outcomes

76
Q

Longer, BLank and Chanowitz 1978 Script Study Design

A

two questions:

  1. max i use the xeror machine
  2. may i use the xerox machine- i have to make copy

participants;
asked to ask eithe rquestion to a group of people in a line

77
Q

Longer, BLank and Chanowitz 1978 Script Study Findings

A

people 50% more likely to let someone cut in line with first statement and 90% more likely to agree with second, abnormal statement

78
Q

Longer, BLank and Chanowitz 1978 Script Study Conclusino

A

impliciti associatin test= biases of stuff that we associate withiout thinking

79
Q

who studied free will

A

Libet 1983

80
Q

libets claim

A

consciousness awarewness comes after motor-action intiation so can’t be a casual factor

(aka we don’t really have free will)

81
Q

libets experiment

A

gives particiapnts the free choice before a movement while recording where a dot is on a clock (move hand when you feel like it and say when you feel like it)

during this= he measured the time before participant was aware that they want to intiatite movement in an EEG

82
Q

libets results

A

eeg response elicited before participant said they wanted to move hand

participants aware of their intentions 300ms after movement reads in primary visual motor context

83
Q

libet; the resulting paradigm shift?

A

before consciousness seen as thought into action

libet; showed brain activity before consious thought

84
Q

what 3 factors demonstrate consciousness is necessary

A
  1. facilitate mental flexibility
  2. meta cognition
  3. sharing cognition
85
Q

how does consciousness factiliate flexiliblity

A

unconsciously driven bheaviour lacks ability to deal with unexpected outcomes so consciousness lets us deal with novelties and adapt

86
Q

what is metacognition

A

libet study suggests that we dont have freewill but other studies demosntrate that consciousnnes allows us to produce a running narrative of ourselves to form an identiy in LONG TERM memory which influences future vehaviour

(consciousness= causes behaviour through identiy)

87
Q

how do we share cognition

A

the identit/yrunning conscious narrative of self lets us share whats going on in our heads with others to promote socializaiton

88
Q

descarates definition of consciousness

A

mind-bod dualism= thought consciousness is generated in pineal gland

89
Q

scientist definition of consucioness

A

matieral monomism: consciousness as a product of brains and nuerons

90
Q

how can we test for consciousness

A
  1. fMRI or EEG to measure brain activity in conscious or unconscious states (measure the ‘neural correlates of consciousness; NCC)
91
Q

Lafuente + Romo 2005 aim

A

whehter we can control consciousness

92
Q

Lafuente + Romo 2005 experiment

A
  1. increase vibraiton to a hand at undectetable levels as monkey pushes levers as a way to check whether the monkey notices the stimulus
  2. single-cell recordings electrodes placed into monkeys somatosensory (s1) and prefrontral cortical neuron (PFC)
  3. cell activation compared between stimulus trials where awrwareness of stimulus was correctly/incorrectly reported
93
Q

Lafuente + Romo findings

A
  1. indifference in s1
  2. PFC= reports selective awareness

hence= PFC has a role in conscious experience

94
Q

Richardson and Gobel: what extensions of top down/bottom up are there on visual attention in a social context

A

in a social context:
further bottom-up: presence of another person as a stimulus with a gaze direction

further top-down= beliefs of othe rpeopels cognitive states like their aspiratins/itnenstions

95
Q

uses of following a gase

A
  1. discover new things
  2. know where dangers/rewards are
  3. pre-requriste for trans-generational learning
96
Q

where does gaze cueing effect increase

A
  1. masculine faces
  2. high status faces
  3. faces resembling onlooker (race similiarity)
  4. political partisanship
  5. INGROUp membership
97
Q

McKone + Robbins argument

A

faces special in terms of coding, holistic process and face-specific neutral represenations

Pyschology (13 decks)

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