Attention and Consciousness Flashcards
what does visuation attention classically infleunce
- top down
2. bottom up
attention in a social context
presence of another person of a stimulus
- aspirations, intentions, desires (cognitive STATE)
- stimuluz, gaze direction, emotional expression and social identityt
what is social attention
a cognitive process determined by looking at another person
reciprocal social attention
when individuals mintor the success of an interaaction, identify problems and logalize errors
what is social attention useful for
interpersonal communication
succesful cooperation
human interdependence
what is gaze cuing
a facial stimuli that cues attention
Posners Spatial Cueing 1980
red dot on screen (non social condition)
tell participant that dog is where another person is looking (social conditiong)
in ‘social condition’ responses to target changed= magnitute of inhibition of return of effect is greater
‘you react faster to stumili at an attended location’
what is attention
a selective mechanism that ‘filers’ the world to orient an individual to a limited number of events at any one time
why does selective attention exist
brain= limited capacity processor
so anatomy/physiology doesnt let unlimited processing of incormation (high energy costs/neuronal firing costs) + high compression of sensory infroamtion from retina
TOO MUCH DATA to process= hence attention system FILTERS external/internal processes to improve effiecency
General Gist of Micheal Posners Spatial Queing Paradigm
studies attentional performance by attracting attention + bringing it back to a target
Valid= (in the same place)= faster response
anywhere else in visual field= more slow
spatial selective experiment
visual attention focused on a task at hand (reading accuraetly) to point that she doesnt realize all words are turining into x
what 2 mechanisms directs visual selective attention
- saliency (bottom ‘up’)
2. relevancy (‘top down relevant’)
what is relevancy (‘top down relevant’) attention
a purposeful and goal oriented mechanism known as endogenous attention
how does attention change neural activity
it imporves the signal to noise raito in sensory systems—> makes stimuli more salient and increases the neural activity as a result
Egly, Driver and Rafal Experiment
attention is OBJECT selective:
1. spatial location not everything as visual attention cares more about OBJECTS
what is ‘inhibition of return’
Posners idea: ‘ability to reenage attention to a location previously attended is compromised due to bias towards novel locations’
what is selective attention
focusining consciousness on a specific or gorup of stimulius
cocktail party effect
focusing on 1 conversation in a noisy party but responding to when you hear your name (spotlights change and are selective)
what is inattensional blindness
through selectivity becoming unaware to other stmiulu (like a gorilla in a football game or magicians using misdirection)
change blindness
psychological phenomena in which we fail to notice a change in an environment
examples of change blindness
(‘person swap experiment’) or (‘failure to notices things= false eye witness testimonies in court)
social ‘attribution theory’
we can explaint someones behaviour by creditng their stable/enduring traits/the stituation oat hand
(disposition and situational)
fundamental attribution area
when we understatime the situation (context) and overestimate the personal disposition
what did leon festinger come up with
theory of cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance
we’re uncomfortable when our thoughts/believs/behaviours are inconsistent with each other
william james 1890; what did he do
investigated the mind scientifically (looked at consciousness as a continiously moving stream)
types of attention
selective
divded
sustained
execeutive
what is phenmenology
describes the state of interests
how is information processed
filtered from external and internal processes
what are filtering biases
we are less aware of world around us than we think as we filter the more relevant/salient/notictable things to be efficient
Richard D. Wismen
a magician who misleads attention to cards so you don’t notice things change
what is fliker
type of change blindness; removes the salience of change and leaves us to focus on relevant things by using visible bright light changes
tracks eye movement
what happens when you remove flicker
you become better at noticing changes as our top-down expectaitons of what you think is important is removed
what did posner see attention as
a spotlight that enhances sefficency of detection of events
spatial attention
focusing on a space in our visual field
is the movement of our eyes and our attention the same
nope! within our visual field they can be separate
Posners Cueing Experiment Design
- participants detect a target stimulus and response on the screen
- participants are cued before the stimulus appears
- exogenesous cues= at same location of stimulus
- endogenous cues= an arrow points to the location of the stimulus
cues can be valid/invalid= valid cues have faster response
Posners experiment: cue stimulus intervals
spatial visual attention moves to prioritize an area