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Pyschology > Brains Divisions > Flashcards

Brains Divisions Flashcards

1
Q

two divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

2. periperhsal nervous system (nerves)

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2
Q

change of brain ontogentically

A

at birth= 4/5 pounds

adulthood= 3 pounds + 100 billion neurons

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3
Q

further divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system (SNS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q

further divisons of SNS

A

afference nerves

efferent nerves

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5
Q

further divisions of ANS

A

sympathethic nerves

parasympathethic nerves

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6
Q

how many cranial nerves (leading to brain)

A

12

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7
Q

what does the SNS do

A

interacts with external environment (skin, motor system)

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8
Q

what does the ANS do

A

regulates internal environment (sensory signals, hormones, etc)

the afferent/efferent nerves carry signals to internal organs

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9
Q

what are affterent nerves

A

carry sensory signals

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10
Q

what do efferent nerves do

A

carry motor signals from CNS to sekeltal muscles

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11
Q

what are sympathethic nerves

A

AROUSING (fight/flight)

autonomic motor nerves in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord

they project from the CNS onto 2nd-stage neurons FAR from the target organ

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12
Q

what are parasympathethic nerves

A

CALMING (rest/digest)
project from brain/sacral

project from CNS synapse NEAR the target organ on the second stage nerves

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13
Q

differences between parasympathethic and sympathethic nerves

A

parasympethic= conserve energy/calming + project near target organ

sympathethic= far from target organs + arousing/threatining situations

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14
Q

what is the brain protected by

A

bone
3 meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
3 protective membranes

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15
Q

what does cerebrospinal fuid do

A

supports/cushions the brain
fills the subarachoid space, ventricles and spinal cord
produced by the choroid plexuses in pia matter
can be blocked by tumors in channels linking ventricles

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16
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

a mechanism that impeded passages of toxic substances from blood into brain cells of blood vessels that are tight packed but some large molecules are actively transported

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17
Q

what are the principles of the sympatethic/parasympethihic nerves

A

2 stage neural pathways; project from CNS toowards organs and synapse with other neurons

target neurons revieve inputs from both PN and SN and are controlled by relative levels of their activiity

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18
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

12 nerves projecting from brain that are purely sensory and used for diagnosis basis:
i.e. olfatory, optic, etc.

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19
Q

composition of the brain

A 
60% fat
needs 20% of al loxygen 
2% of all bodyweight
86billoin neruons
weights 3lb at adulthood
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20
Q

what are meninges

A

3 protective membrances encasing the CNS

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21
Q

what do meningnes consists of

A
  1. dura matter
  2. arachonid membrane + sub-arachanoid space
  3. pia matter
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22
Q

what is dura mater

A

thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

what is the arachonoid membrane

A

spiderlike web menginge layer

consits of sub-arachoid space where blood vessels/cerebospinal fluid is found

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24
Q

what is pia mater

A

the delicate, inner-most part that supports CNS and produced cerebrospinal fuid

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25
Q

what are neurons

A

cells sepcialized for reception, conduction and transmission of electrical signals

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26
Q

types of cells in nervous system

A

neurons

glial cells

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27
Q

structural elements of a neuron

A 
cell body
axon
dendrites
cell membrane
soma
axon hillock
nodes of Ranvier
myselin
buttons/axon terminals
synapses
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28
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelin where saltatory conduction occurs

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29
Q

axon

A

long narrow process projecting from cell body where action potentials travel down

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30
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulating layer to allow for saltatory conduction

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31
Q

axon hillock

A

cone shaped region at the junction between the axon and cell body

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32
Q

dendrites

A

short procesesses from soma that revieve electircl signals from other neurons

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33
Q

soma

A

cell body of the neuron= metabolic center

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34
Q

axon terminals/buttons

A

release chemicals into synaps

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35
Q

synapse

A

gaps between neurons through which chemical signals are transmitted

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36
Q

schwann cells

A

a glial cell in PNS= myenliate the PNS nerves and can create axonal regrowth post-damage

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37
Q

endoplasimic reticulum

A

folded membranes in the cell for fat/protein synthesis

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38
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane pacakges storing neurostransmitter molecules to release them into synapses

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39
Q

neurotransmitters

A

molecules relesaed from active neurons infleucning the activity of other cells

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40
Q

what is the neuron cell membrane compsoed of

A

a lipid bilayer with protein molecules for functional properites of the cell

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41
Q

types of neurosn

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
multipolar interneruon

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42
Q

unipolar neurons

A

1 axon

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43
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 axons

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44
Q

multipolar neurons

A

2+ axons

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45
Q

multipolar interneruons

A

have no axons/super short axons

integrate the neural activit within a single brain structure as opposed to conducting signals from one strucutre to anoher

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46
Q

what are neurons specialized for

A
  1. recpetion
  2. conduction
  3. transmission
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47
Q

distribution of neurons

A
  • compsoed of cell bodies/axons
  • IN CNS; found in clusters
  • in PNS; found in ganglion/ganglia
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48
Q

what are bundles of axons called?

A

in cns= tracts

in pns= nerves

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49
Q

what do glial cells do (4)

A
  1. control blood brain barrier
  2. support neurons (nutrition, waste, etc)
  3. exchange chmicals with neurons and maintain synapses
  4. modulate neural activity
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50
Q

types of glial cells (4)

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. schwann cells
  3. microglia
  4. astrocytes
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51
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

extensions that wrap aroudn axons of some neurons in the CNS

they myenliate the CNS axons

increased speed/effiency of axonal conduction in several segments

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52
Q

what are microglia

A

respond to injury by multiplying/engulfing cellular debris + triggering inflammatory responses

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53
Q

what are schwann cells

A

perform simlar function in peripheral nervous system;

each constitute 1 myselin segment as opposed to many

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54
Q

what are astrocytes

A

cover brain besswels

allow passage of chemicasl from blood into CNS neurons

provide nutrition/clear waste

send and recieve signals form neurons/other glial cells to control, establish and maintain synapses between neurons

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55
Q

what can only schwann cells do

A

guide axonal regrowth after damage is

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56
Q

challenge of studyign neurons

A

axons/dendrites are intricately intertwined

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57
Q

what are some neuroanatomical techniques to study neurons

A
  1. golgi stains
  2. nissl stain
  3. electron microscopy
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58
Q

golgi stain

A

ability to see individual neurons using Golgi (silver cromate staining them black)

59
Q

nissl stain

A

allows for innter strucutre/number of neurons in an area using cresyl violet dye binding to singular neuran cell bodies

60
Q

electron microscopy

A

provides details of neuronal structure using electron-subtances that magnify light using photographic film

61
Q

what are some neuroanatomic tracing techniues

A

anterograde

retrograde

62
Q

anterograde

A

used to trace paths of axons projecting away from a cell body in a particular area

63
Q

retrogade

A

axons projecting into a particular area

64
Q

what 3 axes does the nervous system of a vertebrate have

A
  1. anterior posterior
  2. dorsal ventral
  3. medial lateral
65
Q

anterior-posterior

A

raustral caudal (back of head and forehad)

66
Q

dorsal ventral

A

top/bottom of head (think dolphin)

67
Q

medial lateral

A

towards/away form midline of body’s lateral surfaces (facing towards you)

68
Q

anterior

A

nose end (rostral)

69
Q

posterior

A

tail end (caudal)

70
Q

medial

A

midline of body

71
Q

laeral

A

away from body

72
Q

proximal

A

close

73
Q

distal

A

far

74
Q

what 3 planes are there of the vertebrate NS

A
  1. saiggital plane (midline)
  2. horizontal plane
  3. frontal plane (vertical; center)

and a cross section!

75
Q

2 areas of the spinal cord

A

gray matter

white matter

76
Q

what is gray matter

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons with 2 dorsal arms (dorsal/ventral horns)

77
Q

what is white matter

A

myenliated axons

78
Q

what does the dorsal root ganglia consist of

A

sensory unipolar neurons with grouped cell bodies

79
Q

ventral root ganglia consits of

A

multipolar neurons grouped together

80
Q

label the spinal cord

A

x

81
Q

label the 3 axes of the brain

A

x

82
Q

label the 3 planes of the brain

A

x

83
Q

label a neuron cell

A

x

84
Q

what are the 3 first brain divisions that develop during embryological development

A
  1. forebrain
  2. mind brain
  3. hind brain
85
Q

what are the final brain divisions you end up with as an adult

A

forebrain: telencephalon + diecnephalon

midbrain= mesencephalon

hindbrain= metencephalon + myencephalon

86
Q

forebrain substructures

A

telencephalon + diecnephalon

87
Q

mid brain sub structures

A

mesencephalon

88
Q

hind brain sub structures

A

metencephalon

myencephalon

89
Q

order form anterior to posterior of brain divisions

A 
telencephalon 
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
90
Q

telencephalon vs rest of structures

A

telencehalon= greatest growth (cerebral hemispheres)

other 4 divisions are the brain stem

91
Q

difference between human and chimps

A

larger forebrain in humans as hindbrain/midbrain develop first as they are more primitive (for mechanical functions) as opposed to cognitive functions of the forebrain

92
Q

what is the myenencephalon

A

the medulla! (hindbrain; posterior division)

for 1. reticular formation (network of nuclei in brian core for consciousness/alertness)
2. tracts that carry signas from brain to body

93
Q

what is the metencephalon

A

hind brain
trackts/reticular formation

consits of :

  1. pons
  2. cerelbellum
94
Q

what is the pons

A

found in metencephalon; a bulge of tracts on brain strems ventral surface that controls bladder, respiration, etc

95
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

found in the metencephalon; th ‘little brain’ for motor coordination/cogntiive functions

its a large/convulated structure on DORSAL part of metenchealon for sensoir-motor, decision making, language, movement

96
Q

what is the mesencephalon

A

aka the MIDBRAIN

consits of the tectum and the tegmentum

97
Q

tectum

A

dorsal surface of the mesencephalon (Roof)

has collicoli pumps
inferior collicllu for auditory function and superior collicoli for visio-motor function

98
Q

tegmentum

A 
ventral to tectum
 3 colourful structures: 
consits of: 
1. periadquductal gray + cerebral aqueduct
3. substancia nigra
4. red nucelaus
99
Q

periaqueductal gray + cerebral aqueduct

A

part of tegmentum: gray matter which mediates analgesic/pain-reducing effects of opiate drugs

100
Q

substancia nigra/red nucleus

A

part of the sensorimotor system

101
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

part of the forebrain; consists of 2 structures (thalamus + hypothalamus)

102
Q

thalamus

A

2 lobed stucutre joined by mass indermedia with many nuclei

contains: sensory relay nuclei, laternal geniculauate + medial + ventral posterior nuclei

the ‘switchboard between subocrotical strucutures and the cortex’

103
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates unmotivated bheaviours (hormones; sleep, temperature, sex, thirst)

affects pituitary gland (hormon release, optic chiasm and mamilary body)

104
Q

telencephalon structures

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. major fissures
  3. major gyri
  4. four lobes
  5. libmic system
  6. basal ganglia
  7. cerelbral commisures
105
Q

what is the telencephalon responsible for

A

the limbic system that mediates compex functions:
1. intiates involuntary movement

  1. interprets sensory input
  2. mediates complex cognitive proceseses (learning, speaking, problem solving)
106
Q

amygdala

A

for emotional learning

107
Q

hippocampus

A

consolidation of memory

108
Q

how do the cerebral hemispheres communicate

A

via the corpus callosum

109
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of grey matter of cerebrum

composed of unmyenliated neurons, fissures and sulci

deeploy conulated to increase brain volume

110
Q

grey matter

A

soma + unmyenliated axons

111
Q

white matter

A

myenliated axons

112
Q

fissures

A

large furrow on wrinkled skin surface of cerebral cortex

are:
1. longitutidinal
2. lateral
3. central

113
Q

sulci

A

small fissures

114
Q

what are the gyri

A

ridges between fissures and sulci

115
Q

types of sulci

A

precentral, postcentrla, suprior in respect to frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

116
Q

what 4 lobes are there

A
  1. frontal
  2. pareital
  3. temporal
  4. occipital

(not functional untis but with SETS of functions)

117
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual input

118
Q

pareital lobe

A

tactile sentation analysis and locations of objects

directs attention

(where post-central gyrus cuts through)

119
Q

temporal lobe

A
  1. superior temporal gyrus= hearing and language
  2. inferior temporal gyrus= comple visual patterns
  3. medial position= memory
120
Q

frontal lobe

A

precentral gyrus/adjacent frontal cortex= motor function

frontal cortex= complex cognitive functions (planning, evaluating outcomes)

121
Q

what is the neocortex

A

6 layeres differ vy size/density in proporistion to the 2 types of cells
long axons and dendrites

columanr organization

90% of human cerebral cotex; higher cognitive function

122
Q

what does the neocortex consists of

A

pyramidal cells (multipolar and large)

stellalte cells (small, interneurons)

123
Q

limbinc system

A

part of forebrain; circuit of midline srcuturs circiling the thamalus involved in ‘4 fs’ of motivation

124
Q

4 Fs of motivation

A

fleeing
feeding
fighting
sexual behaviour (fucking)

125
Q

limbic ciruirt

A

starts at amydalda–> posterior to it is the hippocampus which runs beneath hipocampus in medial temporal lobe

then the cignualte corte + fornix

then the septemb

126
Q

basal ganglia motor system

A

plays a role in VOLONUTARY motor responses

projects form striatum (from substancia nigra)

127
Q

what is associated with the basal anglia motor system

A

parkinsons disease= deterioirtaion of this pathway

128
Q

nucleus accumens

A

medial porition of central striatum; plays a role in reward systems

129
Q

major fissures 3

A

central fissure
laternal fissure
longitutundal fissure

130
Q

major gyri 4

A

precentral gyrus
postecenral gurys
superior temporal cyrus
cingulate curus

131
Q

limbic system 6

A 
amygalda
hippocampus
fornix
cingulate cortex
septum 
mammilary bodies
132
Q

basal ganglia 4

A

amydala
caudate and putamen (striatum)
globus pallidis

133
Q

cerebra commisures

A

corpus callosem

134
Q

crebral cortex

A

neocortex and hippocampus

135
Q

what does the diencephalon consits of

A

thamalus
hypothalamus
optic chiasm
pituitary gland

136
Q

where is the motor cortex

A

between frontoal/occopital lobes

137
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex

A

next to motor cortex

138
Q

where are association ares

A

distributed; inteprret/inlink info form neurons

139
Q

glial cells function

A

provide spiderlink suppor tto insulate and nourish cerebral hemispheres

140
Q

label all the gyrus and fissures

A

x

141
Q

types of NT

A

endorphins dopamine and seratonin

can be exictatory= increase AP (glutamate)

or inhibitory= prevent PA (gaba, seratonin)

142
Q

label the functional localization of brain

A

x

143
Q

plasticity of brain

A

brain is malleable and changes always

fire together + wire together

144
Q

what is ynaptic prunign

A

less synapses than when born as we lose the synapses we dont’ use for effiency

Pyschology (13 decks)

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