Decision Making Flashcards
dual process theory definition
there there are 2 distinct ways/dichotomous ways of thinkign:
i.e. reason v emotion or human v animal thought
what does modern theory regarding decision making look at
doesnt contrast reason/emotion
looks at INTITUIVE and REASON-BASED thought processes
Old Type 1 Caterogizations (10)
autonomous fast parallel affect-laden contextualized associative evolved early similar to animals bias non-concious
Old Type 2 Caterogizations (10)
requires working memory slow serial affect-free abstract rule based evolved late only humans normative concsious
old catergoies of type 1/2 that have evidences
type 1= is autonomous
type 2- requires working memory
old caterogies of type 1/2 with SOME evidence
type 1= is fast and parallel
type 2= is slow and serial
which old categories of type 1 and 2 are 100% wrong
- evolved late/early
- restricted to humans/nonhumans
- normative/biased
- non-conscious/conscious
where is working memory localised
pre-frontal cortex
what is working memory
stores information from short term procsses and then writes it into long-term memory
(from temporrary storage to information manipulation to focused attention)
revised concepts of type 1 and type 2 thought processes
type 1= input to ouput (reactionary); more like a ‘computer’ network
type 2= storage + processing + working memory
what is probabilistic reasoning
using logic and probability to handle uncertain situations.
An example of probabilistic reasoning is using past situations and statistics to predict an outcome.
who were Tversky and Kahneman and what did they do
behavioural economists who used the linda experiment blurb to understand probablitistic reasoning and developed the conjunction rule
Linda Experiment Blurb
Participants were given a blurb about linda’s background (grew up in a socio-economic poor condition) ann then asked if she was more likely to be a bank teller
or a bank teller active in a feminist movement
results of Linda Experiment
80% of people believed it was more plausible for linda to be both a bank teller and active in a feminist movevement
this is problematic reasonining as due to the conjuncture rule; she can’t be more one than the other as they are both within the same caterogy
Kahnemanns argument about linda
argued that people used a ‘short cut’ to answer questions based on associating her past experiences
‘thinking fast and slow’
what is the conjunction rule
Calculates the probability of two (or more) events BOTH happening.
When the events are independent of each other, P(B given A)=P(B) and this conjunction rule reduces to the restricted one
Deneys 2006 Experiment aim
revised Kahnemans experiment to see if the 2 responses fit better into Type 1 or Type 2 thinking
Deneys 2006 Experiment Process
looked at the TAPPING response speed of the participants in revised Linda Experiment
lowered the working memory load when patients were occupied with the tapping tasks; so more time was spent thinking
Deneys 2006 Experiment Findings
less time for workin memory tow work results in FASTER INCORRET responses
Slower responses when occupied with secondary tasks provised correct answer to question
What is deductive reasoning
a form of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from 2 presmises
uses syllogisms
example of a syllogism
‘Socrates is a man; all men are mortal. Socrates is a mortal’
Who studied deductive reasoning
Evans, Barston and Pollard
Deneys
Goel and Dolan
Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task Aim and Method
Logical Validity Task: whether logical validity (conclusion) follows the premises to the believability of a conclusion
studied syllogisms by showing participants in a study 4 syllogisms:
- valid and believable= correct statetment
- valid and unbelievable= correct statetmen
- invalid but believable= incorrect statetmen
- invalid and unbelieable= incorrect statetmen
Findings of Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task
- valid and believable= 84% correct answers
- valid and unbelievable= 56% correct answers
- invalid but believable= 71% correct answers
- invalid and unbelieable= 10% correct answers
Second part of Evans Experiment
the Rapid Response test= a 10 second time restriction placed on Logical Validity Task and compared to free time patipants
== this restricts time to ‘intuitive reaction’ resulting in much more incorrect respones given to statements
Flaws of Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task ( Logical Validity Task)
- statements were filled with double negatives (confusing)
2. realistically more than 10 seconds is needed to thinkin about something
Denys 2006 Version of Logical Validity Task
lowered the ‘working memory load’ of evans experiment by having patients memorize high load/lowload patterns in a grid and then to reproduce them after the questions were asked
Findings of Denys Version of the Logical Validity Task
decrease accuracy when high low situation
less acceptance of valid unbelievable/more acceptance of invalid believable statements
so people gave more INTUITIVE responses
Flaws of Denys Version of the Logical Validity Task
people might just be responding by chance/randomly (not using thought processes)
Goel and Dolan Task
Conducted the Logical Validity Task and used fMRi to localize T1/T2
Findings of Goel and Dolan
- greater activity for people providing incorrect answer in conflict situations in VENTRAL-MEDIA prefrontral cortex (emotional/intuitive responses)
- greater activity for people giving CORRECT answer in dorsal-lateral prefrontral cortex (self control and working memoryy)
Flaws in what Goel and Dolan did
no standard for colour concentration in brain activation
i.e. how much MORE actiation occurs in one brain area
what is hypothesis testing
the use of statistics to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true.
what did Wason do
studied hypothesis testing/confirmation in 4 card test
‘matching bias task’
what is confirmation bias
the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories.
what explanation/criqiue was given for the results in Wasons First Study
people gave incorrect responses because they were confused by the question
use of unidirectional rule (but we aren’t testing if there are 2 on one side and if there is A on the other; just need to construction the hypothesis by shat the rule SEEMS to be_
Wason Task and Findings
A D 3 7 (NONSOCIAL)
Rule= if there is an A on one side of the card, there is a 3 on the other. You can only turn 2 cards at once which card do you turn?
Task= determine how people proceded.
Results= most people incorrect as they turned A and 3 but should have turned A + 7
Cosmides and Tooby Task: aim?
Revise Wasons Study and place it into a social situation
So instead of AD37
(SOCIAL)
had pictures of beer, soda, age 26, age 16
rule= if youre drinking beer you must be 16. is this true?
Cosmides and Tooby Task: Findings
most people were CORRECT as they used past experience to answer the question/question was clearly posed.
Vanlier, Revlin and Denys 2013 Task
Took Wasons and Cosmides-Tooby Task (Social + no Social) and added high/low load pattern conditions
created 4 conditions
Vanlier, Revlin and Denys 2013 Task Findings
accuracy doesnt change in social conditionin with high load/low load
but in non social condition= accurary lowers with high load as its harder so needs more working memory
Goel, Bruchal, Prith and Dolan Study
fmri-ed the social/nonsocial matching bias task
non-social/abstract experiment; activated parital lobe
social/semantic experiment; activates the temporal lobe
Osman 2004 + Single Type Accounts Conclusions
hard to prove type 1 processes use no working memory as you can’t fully knock it out as participants need to be conscious within experiments to undersatnd the tasks
fmri shows difference in activation but doesnt rule out working memory is not recruiited in inutitive tasks
more of a SPECTRUm of t1/t2 instead of distinct differenct processes
where is intuitive thought localized
ventral medial prefrontal cortex
where is working memory thought localized
dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex
Stanovich coined…
‘system 1 and syste 2’
type 1 usually…
intuitive
no working memory
autonomous
type 2 usually..
hypothetical thinking
reflective/mentally stimulated
higher working memory load
Issues with dual systems
- term is ambiguous/multi-meaning (2 minds or 2 processes?)
- terminology suggests that two seperate systems as opposed to one system at work (the mind)
- should be seen as a continnum and not distinc areas
Evans: key fallacies of dual processing (2012)
- that t1 is for conformiation bias and t2 is for correct respones
- that t1 is a contextualized process and t2 is abstract
- that there is always fast processining in t1
Kerel-Shul 2009 critique of dual process:
a. dimensions assumed to distinguish the two systems are continuous and not dichotomies
- judgmental speed
- ease
- resource dependence
b. dimensions are unaligned
