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Pyschology > Decision Making > Flashcards

Decision Making Flashcards

1
Q

dual process theory definition

A

there there are 2 distinct ways/dichotomous ways of thinkign:
i.e. reason v emotion or human v animal thought

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2
Q

what does modern theory regarding decision making look at

A

doesnt contrast reason/emotion

looks at INTITUIVE and REASON-BASED thought processes

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3
Q

Old Type 1 Caterogizations (10)

A 
autonomous
fast
parallel
affect-laden
contextualized
associative
evolved early
similar to animals
bias
non-concious
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4
Q

Old Type 2 Caterogizations (10)

A 
requires working memory
slow
serial
affect-free
abstract
rule based
evolved late
only humans
normative
concsious
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5
Q

old catergoies of type 1/2 that have evidences

A

type 1= is autonomous

type 2- requires working memory

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6
Q

old caterogies of type 1/2 with SOME evidence

A

type 1= is fast and parallel

type 2= is slow and serial

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7
Q

which old categories of type 1 and 2 are 100% wrong

A
  1. evolved late/early
  2. restricted to humans/nonhumans
  3. normative/biased
  4. non-conscious/conscious
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8
Q

where is working memory localised

A

pre-frontal cortex

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9
Q

what is working memory

A

stores information from short term procsses and then writes it into long-term memory

(from temporrary storage to information manipulation to focused attention)

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10
Q

revised concepts of type 1 and type 2 thought processes

A

type 1= input to ouput (reactionary); more like a ‘computer’ network

type 2= storage + processing + working memory

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11
Q

what is probabilistic reasoning

A

using logic and probability to handle uncertain situations.

An example of probabilistic reasoning is using past situations and statistics to predict an outcome.

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12
Q

who were Tversky and Kahneman and what did they do

A

behavioural economists who used the linda experiment blurb to understand probablitistic reasoning and developed the conjunction rule

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13
Q

Linda Experiment Blurb

A

Participants were given a blurb about linda’s background (grew up in a socio-economic poor condition) ann then asked if she was more likely to be a bank teller
or a bank teller active in a feminist movement

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14
Q

results of Linda Experiment

A

80% of people believed it was more plausible for linda to be both a bank teller and active in a feminist movevement

this is problematic reasonining as due to the conjuncture rule; she can’t be more one than the other as they are both within the same caterogy

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15
Q

Kahnemanns argument about linda

A

argued that people used a ‘short cut’ to answer questions based on associating her past experiences

‘thinking fast and slow’

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16
Q

what is the conjunction rule

A

Calculates the probability of two (or more) events BOTH happening.

When the events are independent of each other, P(B given A)=P(B) and this conjunction rule reduces to the restricted one

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17
Q

Deneys 2006 Experiment aim

A

revised Kahnemans experiment to see if the 2 responses fit better into Type 1 or Type 2 thinking

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18
Q

Deneys 2006 Experiment Process

A

looked at the TAPPING response speed of the participants in revised Linda Experiment

lowered the working memory load when patients were occupied with the tapping tasks; so more time was spent thinking

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19
Q

Deneys 2006 Experiment Findings

A

less time for workin memory tow work results in FASTER INCORRET responses

Slower responses when occupied with secondary tasks provised correct answer to question

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20
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

a form of reasoning where a conclusion is drawn from 2 presmises

uses syllogisms

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21
Q

example of a syllogism

A

‘Socrates is a man; all men are mortal. Socrates is a mortal’

22
Q

Who studied deductive reasoning

A

Evans, Barston and Pollard
Deneys
Goel and Dolan

23
Q

Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task Aim and Method

A

Logical Validity Task: whether logical validity (conclusion) follows the premises to the believability of a conclusion

studied syllogisms by showing participants in a study 4 syllogisms:

  1. valid and believable= correct statetment
  2. valid and unbelievable= correct statetmen
  3. invalid but believable= incorrect statetmen
  4. invalid and unbelieable= incorrect statetmen
24
Q

Findings of Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task

A
  1. valid and believable= 84% correct answers
  2. valid and unbelievable= 56% correct answers
  3. invalid but believable= 71% correct answers
  4. invalid and unbelieable= 10% correct answers
25
Q

Second part of Evans Experiment

A

the Rapid Response test= a 10 second time restriction placed on Logical Validity Task and compared to free time patipants

== this restricts time to ‘intuitive reaction’ resulting in much more incorrect respones given to statements

26
Q

Flaws of Evans, Barston and Pollard Study Task ( Logical Validity Task)

A
  1. statements were filled with double negatives (confusing)

2. realistically more than 10 seconds is needed to thinkin about something

27
Q

Denys 2006 Version of Logical Validity Task

A

lowered the ‘working memory load’ of evans experiment by having patients memorize high load/lowload patterns in a grid and then to reproduce them after the questions were asked

28
Q

Findings of Denys Version of the Logical Validity Task

A

decrease accuracy when high low situation
less acceptance of valid unbelievable/more acceptance of invalid believable statements

so people gave more INTUITIVE responses

29
Q

Flaws of Denys Version of the Logical Validity Task

A

people might just be responding by chance/randomly (not using thought processes)

30
Q

Goel and Dolan Task

A

Conducted the Logical Validity Task and used fMRi to localize T1/T2

31
Q

Findings of Goel and Dolan

A
  1. greater activity for people providing incorrect answer in conflict situations in VENTRAL-MEDIA prefrontral cortex (emotional/intuitive responses)
  2. greater activity for people giving CORRECT answer in dorsal-lateral prefrontral cortex (self control and working memoryy)
32
Q

Flaws in what Goel and Dolan did

A

no standard for colour concentration in brain activation

i.e. how much MORE actiation occurs in one brain area

33
Q

what is hypothesis testing

A

the use of statistics to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true.

34
Q

what did Wason do

A

studied hypothesis testing/confirmation in 4 card test

‘matching bias task’

35
Q

what is confirmation bias

A

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories.

36
Q

what explanation/criqiue was given for the results in Wasons First Study

A

people gave incorrect responses because they were confused by the question

use of unidirectional rule (but we aren’t testing if there are 2 on one side and if there is A on the other; just need to construction the hypothesis by shat the rule SEEMS to be_

37
Q

Wason Task and Findings

A

A D 3 7 (NONSOCIAL)

Rule= if there is an A on one side of the card, there is a 3 on the other. You can only turn 2 cards at once which card do you turn?

Task= determine how people proceded.

Results= most people incorrect as they turned A and 3 but should have turned A + 7

38
Q

Cosmides and Tooby Task: aim?

A

Revise Wasons Study and place it into a social situation

So instead of AD37
(SOCIAL)
had pictures of beer, soda, age 26, age 16

rule= if youre drinking beer you must be 16. is this true?

39
Q

Cosmides and Tooby Task: Findings

A

most people were CORRECT as they used past experience to answer the question/question was clearly posed.

40
Q

Vanlier, Revlin and Denys 2013 Task

A

Took Wasons and Cosmides-Tooby Task (Social + no Social) and added high/low load pattern conditions

created 4 conditions

41
Q

Vanlier, Revlin and Denys 2013 Task Findings

A

accuracy doesnt change in social conditionin with high load/low load

but in non social condition= accurary lowers with high load as its harder so needs more working memory

42
Q

Goel, Bruchal, Prith and Dolan Study

A

fmri-ed the social/nonsocial matching bias task

non-social/abstract experiment; activated parital lobe

social/semantic experiment; activates the temporal lobe

43
Q

Osman 2004 + Single Type Accounts Conclusions

A

hard to prove type 1 processes use no working memory as you can’t fully knock it out as participants need to be conscious within experiments to undersatnd the tasks

fmri shows difference in activation but doesnt rule out working memory is not recruiited in inutitive tasks

more of a SPECTRUm of t1/t2 instead of distinct differenct processes

44
Q

where is intuitive thought localized

A

ventral medial prefrontal cortex

45
Q

where is working memory thought localized

A

dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

46
Q

Stanovich coined…

A

‘system 1 and syste 2’

47
Q

type 1 usually…

A

intuitive
no working memory
autonomous

48
Q

type 2 usually..

A

hypothetical thinking
reflective/mentally stimulated
higher working memory load

49
Q

Issues with dual systems

A
  1. term is ambiguous/multi-meaning (2 minds or 2 processes?)
  2. terminology suggests that two seperate systems as opposed to one system at work (the mind)
  3. should be seen as a continnum and not distinc areas
50
Q

Evans: key fallacies of dual processing (2012)

A
  1. that t1 is for conformiation bias and t2 is for correct respones
  2. that t1 is a contextualized process and t2 is abstract
  3. that there is always fast processining in t1
51
Q

Kerel-Shul 2009 critique of dual process:

A

a. dimensions assumed to distinguish the two systems are continuous and not dichotomies
- judgmental speed
- ease
- resource dependence
b. dimensions are unaligned

Pyschology (13 decks)

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