Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

spinal cord, brain

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves conducting impulses
Ganglia

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3
Q

Sensory somatic

A

sensory input received consciously (eyes, ears, skin, musculoskeletal structures)

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4
Q

Sensory visceral

A

sensory input not received consciously (internal organs and cardiovascular structures)

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5
Q

Motor somatic

A

motor output controlled consciously (skeletal muscles)

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6
Q

Motor autonomic

A

motor output not controlled consciously (heart or gland effectors)

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7
Q

Neuron cells

A

functional units of PNS and CNS. Process information and generate response to stimuli

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8
Q

Glial cells

A

support and protect neurons, participate in neural activities, neural activities, and defense of cells in CNS

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9
Q

Three parts of the neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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10
Q

Cell body

A

Large with a large nucleus and well-developed nucleolus

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11
Q

what are nissl substances/ bodies?

A

large masses of free polyribosomes and RER, indicating a high rate of protein synthesis

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12
Q

dendrites

A

receive input from other neurons

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13
Q

Axon

A

carries impulses from cell body and is covered by a myelin sheat

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14
Q

The space between the end of the axon and the cell membrane is the

A

synaptic cleft

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15
Q

what enables the continuity of of the nerve impulse?

A

Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Neurons maintain:

A

an ionic gradient (electrical potential) across the cell membrane. They can change this gradient in response to stimulus

17
Q

Neurons conduct

A

nerve impulse, action potential, or depolarization wave.

18
Q

The nerve impulses are propagated along the axon as a wave produced by

A

voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in the axolemma tat allow diffusion of these ions in the axoplasm

19
Q

what is the axolemma?

A

the cell membrane of axon

20
Q

what is axoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of axon

21
Q

communication with another neuron or effector cell occur via

A

synapse where neurotransmitter is released at the presynaptic membrane and binds receptors on the postsynaptic cell

22
Q

All neurons consist of

A

perikaryon (cell body) containing the nucleus
the axon which is a long cytoplasmic extension
one or more shorter processes called dendrites

23
Q

presynaptic terminals contain

A

large number of synaptic vesicles with neurotansmitters

24
Q

neurotransmitters are transported in

A

vesicles to the presynaptic terminal

25
Q

Neurotransmitters are released by

A

exocytosis from the terminal bouton

26
Q

the transmission of nerve impulses is

A

unidirectional

27
Q

synapses convert

A

an electrical signal from the presynaptic cell into a neurotransmitter that affects the postsynaptic cell

28
Q

synapses ca be etiher ____ or ______

A

excitatory or inhibitory

29
Q

excitatory

A

depolarizes cell membrane

30
Q

inhibitory

A

hyperpolarizes cell membrane

31
Q

what are local anesthetics

A

low-molecular-weight molecules that bind to the voltage-gated sodium channels, interfering with sodium ion influx and inhibiting the action potential responsible for nerve impulse

32
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease

A

loss of dopamine-producing neurons

33
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI

A

designed to increase levels of serotonin at the postsynaptic membrane by inhibiting the re-uptake at the presynaptic membrane

34
Q

What is the principal signal reception and processing sites on neurons?

A

Dendrites

35
Q

In the CNS most synapses on dendrites occur on

A

dendritic spines, membrane protrusions along the small dendritic branches

36
Q

What changes are important in neural plasticity

A

dendritic spine morphology changes as synaptic connections on neurons are modified

37
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization