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Anatomy > Muscle tissue > Flashcards

Muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Contractility is the key feature of muscle

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Muscle cell membrane

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3
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Is the cytoplasm of muscle

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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

-Elongated, large, multinucleated fibers. Strong quick and voluntary contractions

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

-Irregular branched cells bound together longitudinally by intercalated discs. Strong involuntary contractions

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6
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Grouped, fusiform cells. Weak involuntary contractions

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7
Q

Longitudinal section in skeletal muscle are separated by

A

-Very thin endomysium that includes fibroblast nucleus

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8
Q

Muscle nuclei are found

A

against sarcolemma

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9
Q

Each fiber has three of four

A

Myofibrils whose striations are slightly out of alignment

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10
Q

Myofibrils

A

Cylindrical bundles of thick and thin myofilaments

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11
Q

Cardiac muscles are bound together by

A

Intercalated discs. They have centrally located nuclei.

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12
Q

A fiber consists of cells in a series joined at interdigitating regions called

A

Intercalated discs

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13
Q

Transverse regions of the intercalated discs have

A

Abundant desmosomes and adherent junctions

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14
Q

Longitudinal discs have

A

Gap junctions to allow exchange of ions

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15
Q

Electric synapses

A

promoting rapid impulse conduction through many cardiac cells and contraction of many adjacent cells

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16
Q

Impulses of heartbeat are initiated, regulated, and coordinated by

A

Nodes of myocardial fibers

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17
Q

Contraction of individual myocardial fibers

A

All-or-none

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18
Q

Nerve fibers that accelerate heartbeat

A

Sympathetic

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19
Q

Nerve fibers that decrease heartbeat

A

Parasympathetic

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20
Q

Ischemia

A

Damage to tissue due to lack of oxygen

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21
Q

Adult mammal heart muscle has little potential to regenerate because

A

It lacks satellite cells

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22
Q

Smooth muscle is specialized for

A

involuntary slow, steady contractions under the influence of autonomic nerves

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23
Q

Smooth muscle forms a major component of what tracts?

A

Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive, blood vessels and their organs.

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24
Q

What allows multicellular tissue to contract as a unit in smooth muscle?

A

Thin filaments attached to dense bodies located at the cell membare

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25
Q

Which muscle tissue does not have all or noting contractions?

A

Smooth muscle

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26
Q

Fibers of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Single multinucleate cells in parallel

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27
Q

Cell shape of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Cylindrical cells, many cm lomg

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28
Q

Does skeletal muscle tissue have striations present?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What is the connective tissue of skeletal muscle?

A

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

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30
Q

Locations of skeletal muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscles, tongue, eye, diaphragm

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31
Q

Key function of skeletal connective tissue

A

Voluntary

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32
Q

what is the only tissue with motor innervation?

A

Skeletal. Smooth and cardiac are autonomic

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33
Q

Contractions of skeletal muscle tissue

A

all or none, starting at the motor end plate

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34
Q

skeletal muscle response to increase overload

A

hypertrophy

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35
Q

Regeneration ability of skeletal muscle

A

Limited

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36
Q

Cardiac fibers

A

cells aligned in branching pattern

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37
Q

Cell shape of cardiac cells

A

cylindrical 50-100 micrometers long

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38
Q

Are striations present in cardiac muscle

39
Q

Special structures of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Intercalated discs

40
Q

The connective tissue of cardiac

A

endomysium

41
Q

Location of cardiac tissue

42
Q

key function of cardiac tissue

A

Involuntary (pumping of heart)

43
Q

Contraction of cardiac muscles

A

all or none but, intrinsic

44
Q

Response of cardiac tissue to increase overload

A

hypertrophy

45
Q

regeneration ability of cardiac tissue

46
Q

Fibers of smooth muscle tissue

A

single, small, closely pack fusiform cells

47
Q

cell shape of smooth muscle

A

fusiform cells

48
Q

does smooth muscle have striations

A

no they’re absent

49
Q

Special features of smooth muscle

A

dense bodies

50
Q

Connective tissue of smooth muscle

A

endomysium

51
Q

Locations of smooth muscle

A

digestive, urinary, respiratory tracts, blood vessels, uterus, bladder, and other organs.

52
Q

Key function of smooth muscle

A

involuntary

53
Q

contractions of smooth muscle

A

partial, slow, and wavelike

54
Q

response of smooth muscle to increase load

A

hypertophy and hyperplasia

55
Q

Regeneration ability of smooth muscle

56
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscles, include fibroblast muscle

57
Q

Paramysium

A

surrounds a group of muscle fibers called fascicle

58
Q

Epismysium

A

surrounds entire muscle

59
Q

where is muscle nuclei found

A

against sarcolemma

60
Q

3 to 4 myofibrils in each muscle fiber are composed of

A

myofilaments that fill each muscle fiber

61
Q

Cardiac muscle is connected together by

A

intercalated discs

62
Q

where is nuclei in cardiac muscle

A

centrally located

63
Q

transverse regions have

A

desosomes and adherent junctions

64
Q

longitudinal regions have

A

gap junctions

65
Q

Electrical synapses

A

efficient contraction mechanism that produce conduction between cells and contraction of adjacent cells

66
Q

Fiber contractions are

A

intrinsic and spontaneous

67
Q

what do nodes of myocardiac fibers do

A

initiate, coordinate, and control heartbeat

68
Q

Individual myocardial fibers have what kind of contraction

A

all or none

69
Q

Sympathetic

A

increases rate of heartbeat

70
Q

parasympathetic

A

decreases rate of heartbeat

71
Q

ischemia

A

damage to tissue due to lack of oxygen

72
Q

Smooth muscle has attachment to

A

dense bodies so multiple tissue can work together more efficiently as a unit

73
Q

Within fascicles individual muscle fibers are wrapped by

A

endomysium

74
Q

myotendinouns junction

A

tendons develop together with skeletal muscle and they joint muscle at the periosteum of bones

75
Q

development of skeletal muscle

A

myoblast fuse to make longer tubes
myotubes make proteins to make myofilaments

76
Q

satellite cells

A

myoblast cells that don’t fuse or differentiate, instead they proliferate and act when there’s injury

77
Q

myofibrils are separated into sarcomeres by

78
Q

thick filaments are a bundle of myosin connected by

79
Q

thick filaments span the entire

A

A band and bind to proteins to the M line and the Z discs

80
Q

myofilaments are composed of

A

thick and thin filaments consisting of contractile protein regions

81
Q

thick filaments contain

A

multiple myosin bundles

82
Q

thin filaments contain

A

actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

83
Q

what happens at contraction?

A

-nerve impulses release acetytoalcholine across the membrane which reacts with muscle impulses (depolarization) resulting in the release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Ca++ binds to troponin changing tropomyosin and allowing myosin heads to bind to actin forming cross bridges between thick and thin filaments
-myosin head pivots as ATP releases energy which pulls thin filaments along thick filaments

84
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disease that creates antibodies against acytoalcholine receptors leading to muscle weakness

85
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Mutation of the dystrophin gene can lead to deffective linkages between the cytoskeletal and the ECM.
Muscle contraction can break these linkages causin atrophy of muscle fibers

86
Q

Dystrophin

A

actin-binding protein involved in function of mycrofibrils

87
Q

Two types of receptors in muscle

A

muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs

88
Q

Muscle spindle contractions begins in response to

89
Q

i5 to 15 intrafulsal muscle fibers are associated with

A

sensory and motor nerve fibers

90
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

detect changes in contraction and they inhibit contraction if it becomes too much

91
Q

Slow oxidative

A

stain the darkest and have highest ATP activity

92
Q

Fast glyocolitc

A

stain the lightest and have the lowest ATP activity

93
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic

A

Middle ground between slow oxidative and fast glycolitic

Anatomy (22 decks)

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