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Anatomy > Adipose Tissue and Cartilage > Flashcards

Adipose Tissue and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue, supported by reticular fibers

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2
Q

Adipocytes are

A

Characteristic cells of adipose tissue (fat). Derived from mesenchyme

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3
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A

-Store energy
-Cushioning the body and organs
-Thermoregulation by insulation and heat production

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4
Q

Fat cells are specialized for

A

Energy storage of lipid droplets of triglycerides

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5
Q

Where is subcutaneous fat found?

A

Under the skin for thermoregulation

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6
Q

Where is visceral fat found?

A

-Cushioning organs such as heart, gonads, kidneys, intestines
-Bone marrow
-Between muscles
-Breast tissue

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7
Q

Locations of white adipose tissue

A
  • Face
    -Periarticular, pericardial, intramuscular, bone marrow
    -Subcutaneous
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8
Q

Locations of brown adipose tissue

A

-Cervical
-Supraclavicular
-Axillary
-Paravertebral

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9
Q

Characteristics of white adipose tissue

A

-Single huge droplet
-Fewer mitochondria
-storages energy
-Subcutaneous and visceral locations
-Fewer capillaries
-Fibroblast and microphages

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10
Q

Characteristics of brown adipose tissue

A

-Many smaller lipid droplets
-More mitochondria
-Kidneys, adrenal glands, and a few other places
-Produces heat
-More capillaries
-Fibroblast and macrophages

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11
Q

White adipocytes store lipids derived from three sources

A

-Dietary fats (triglycerides and cholesterol) packaged as chylomicrons
-Triglycerides produced in the liver and circulating as VLDL
-Fatty Acids produced locally by breakdown of the dietary fats and triglycerides

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12
Q

How are lipids released from adipocytes

A

-By enzyme lipase activated by the hormone norepinephrine from adrenal gland

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13
Q

Brown adipose

A

-Localized to kidneys, adrenal glands, and other places
-Newborns have 2-5% body weight in brown fat
-Brown because of the many mitochondria and small lipid droplets
-Produce heat by nonshivering thermogenesis
-Norepinephrine activates breakdown of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

Three lipids

A

-Triglycerides
-Cholesterols
-Phospholipids
-All transported by lipoproteins

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15
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport fat molecules in water, blood plasma, and other extracellular fluids and taken by endocytosis

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16
Q

Chylomicrons (ULDL)

A

-Transport dietary lipids from the intestine to other locations in the body
-ULDL are one of the five lipoproteins that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the bloodstream

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17
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Elevated levels of cholesterol in blood which increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease

18
Q

Plaque

A

Build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls (Astherosclerosis)

19
Q

Leptin hormone

A

Produced by white adipocytes, helps inhibit hunger which diminishes fat storage

20
Q

Obesity

A

-Excessive adipose tissue accumulation. Fat increases in cells, fat cells don’t increase in number
-Decreased sensitivity to leptin resulting in inability to feel full

21
Q

General features of cartilage

A

-Large amount of ECM with GAG and proteoglycans
-Cartilage at joints has a smooth and lubricated surface

22
Q

Cartilage guides the development of

A

many bones, specifically endochondral bones

23
Q

Chondrocytes

A

only type of cell in the ECM located in lacunae

24
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense, vascularized connective tissue that covers cartilage except at the joints

25
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (molecules in ECM)

A

-Support and bind cells together
-Mucopolysaccharides and proteoglycans

26
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A glycan linked to a protein. Molecules such as collagen, mucins, antibodies, and certain hormones

27
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found in

A

-Cartilages in nose
-Articular cartilage of a joint
-Costal cartilage
-Cartilage of joint
-larynx
-trachea

28
Q

Elastic cartilage is found in

A

-External ear

29
Q

Fibrocartilage is found in

A

-Pubic symphysis
-Cartilage of intervertebral discs
-Meniscus in knee joint

30
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

-Homogenous and collagen
-Chondrocytes and chondroblast
-Perichondrium
-Respiratory tract, articular ends and plates of long bones, fetal skeleton
-Provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints and structural support for respiratory tract

31
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

-Collagen and elastic fibers
-Chondrocytes and chondroblast
-Perichondrium
-External ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and other laryngeal cartilages
-Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues

32
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-Collagen and large areas of dense connective tissue
- Chondrocytes and fibroblast
-NO perichondrium
-Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus, and certain other joints, insertion of tendons
-Provides cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression

33
Q

Most abundant type of cartilage, homogenous composition, semilucent

A

Hyaline Cartilage

34
Q

What cartilage allows low friction joint motion, support respiratory passages, connects ribs to sternum and controls long bone growth at epiphyseal plates

A

Hyaline cartilage

35
Q

T/F: Hyaline cartilage is avascular

A

True. Chondrocytes reproduce under low oxygen and glucose is metabolized anaerobically

36
Q

Somatotropin

A

Growth hormone which regulates cartilage growth

37
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Results from dislodged fragments of joint cartilage that trigger release of substances that causes inflammation and pain

38
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage but with elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilage

39
Q

Mixture of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

A

Fibrocartilage

40
Q

Cartilage form from

A

Embryonic mesenchyme by chondrogenesis

41
Q

In developing bones, cartilage growth can be

A

-Interstitial (within the cartilage) by mitosis of chondrocytes
-Appositional by production of new chondroblasts from the perichondrium

42
Q

Cartilage does not repair well due to

A

Lack of vascularity

Anatomy (22 decks)

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