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Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which one of these is the main effect of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Difficulty with urination

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2
Q

The male urethra has three parts. Urine leaving the bladder passes through each part in this order:

A

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

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3
Q

The duct of the seminal vesicle and the duct of the vas deferens join to form the

A

Ejaculatory duct

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4
Q

The dense connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis is called the

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

The possibility of prostatic carcinoma is indicated by _______

A

Elevated levels of PSA

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6
Q

The cells in the testis that provide support and nutrition to the spermatogenic cells are

A

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

The spermatic cord, which helps to suspend the testis in the scrotum, includes these structures (be as complete as possible)

A

Arteries, veins, nerves, and vas deferens

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8
Q

What is the general purpose of the accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands)?

A

They provide secretions that combine with sperm to produce semen.

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9
Q

Which one of these is true of Sertoli cells?

A

They contribute to forming the blood-testis barrier.

They phagocytize excess cytoplasm released by spermatozoa

They have both endocrine and exocrine functions

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10
Q

Penile erection is caused by

A

The effects of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle.

Filling of the penile trabeculae with blood.

Blockage of the penile venous drainage by the swollen corpora cavernosa.

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11
Q

What is true about interstitial cells

A

Interstitial cells are not found within the seminiferous tubules, but rather between the tubules

Another name for interstitial cells is Leydig cells

Interstitial cells secrete testosterone

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12
Q

Which mass of erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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13
Q

According to Dr. Cannatella, the seminiferous tubules resemble

A

Ramen noodles

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14
Q

Which one is the primary function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

It prevents autoimmune attacks on the spermatogenic cells, which are formed after the establishment of the immune response.

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15
Q

What is the difference between SRY and TDF?

A

SRY is the name of the gene, and TDF is the name of the gene product.

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16
Q

The pathway of a spermatozoon from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra is:

A

Straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens

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17
Q

Which of these glands produces a secretion that lubricates the urethra prior to ejaculation?

A

Bulbourethral glands

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18
Q

Which one is the mechanism by which the epididymis expels sperm during ejaculation?

A

Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in the lining of the duct

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19
Q

Which of these is the normal location of fertilization?

A

Uterine tube

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20
Q

When in the menstrual cycle does ovulation take place?

A

Around day 14

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21
Q

The layer of the uterus that contains the spiral arteries is the:

A

Endometrium

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22
Q

Which of these female structures is homologous to the scrotum of males?

A

Labia majora

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23
Q

During a Pap smear, cells are scraped from the

A

Cervix

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24
Q

The placenta is the place where which of these substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus

A

CO2 and O2

Wastes

Nutrients

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25
Q

The structure of the mammary glands is similar to

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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26
Q

A surge in which of these hormones is the immediate cause of ovulation?

A

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

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27
Q

The first menstrual cycle, which happens at the onset of puberty, is called the

A

Menarche

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28
Q

Which one of these is true of the corpus luteum?

A

It is an endocrine gland, at least for a while.

Its formation is induced by LH

It is formed from the recently ovulated follicle

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29
Q

Which one of these is true of chorionic villi?

A

The villi are bathed in maternal blood

The villi are part of the placenta

The villi are deeply embedded in the decidua of the uterus

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30
Q

Which one of these is true about polycystic ovary syndrome?

A

Ovarian follicles do not complete maturation.

It is a common cause of infertility.

The ovaries become enlarged.

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31
Q

Which hormones are responsible for regeneration and development of the functional layer of the endometrium following menstruation?

A

Estrogens

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32
Q

Which is true of mature ovarian follicles?

A

They develop from the primordial follicle in about 90 days.

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33
Q

The lining of the vagina is composed of which type of epithelium?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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34
Q

The movement of urine through the ureter to the bladder is accomplished by

A

Peristalsis

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35
Q

In males, which region of the urethra passes through the penis?

A

Spongy urethra

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36
Q

Where is Bowman’s capsule located?

A

Renal cortex

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37
Q

Juxtaglomerular granular (JG) cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells, produce renin, which is ultimately important in regulating

A

Blood pressure

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38
Q

The unique stratified epithelium of the urethra that is resistant to the deleterious effects of urine is called

A

Urothelium

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39
Q

Which of the four major functions of the kidney is not performed by specialized epithelial cells of the tubules?

A

Excretion

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40
Q

Which one of these is true of urea?

A

It is not very toxic to humans

It allows the kidneys to concentrate urine to avoid excessive water loss.

It is produced in the liver

41
Q

You are a blood cell passing through the kidney.

You are in the afferent arteriole; the next structure in your pathway is the

A

Glomerulus

42
Q

Kidney stones are called renal calculi. Which one of these is true?

A

Kidney stones can be extremely painful, but they don’t always require surgery.

Kidney stones can be destroyed by ultrasound.

Kidney stones formed from urate are usually smooth.

43
Q

Which one of these nitrogenous compounds is NOT found in urine?

A

All of the following are found in urine: Urea, Uric acid, creatinine

44
Q

What percentage of urine is composed of water?

A

about 92%

45
Q

Which one of these receptors senses stretching and twisting of skin?

A

Ruffini corpuscles

46
Q

Which of these is true of Langerhans cells?

A

They are derived from monocytes

They are involved in adaptive immunity

They are antigen-presenting cells

47
Q

Which type of receptor senses pain and temperature?

A

Free nerve endings

48
Q

The most superficial layer of cells of the hair root is the

A

Cuticle

49
Q

The nail plate is formed from the

A

Nail matrix

50
Q

What type of tactile cells are found in the epidermis?

A

Merkel cells

51
Q

Where is “thick skin” found?

A

Soles and palms

52
Q

Scar tissue in wounds is formed of

A

Collagen

53
Q

Which amino acid is converted ultimately to melanin?

A

Tyrosine

54
Q

Which of these is true about subcutaneous tissue?

A

The hypodermis contains a rich vascular supply and deposits of adipocytes

55
Q

In humans, pheromones are produced by

A

Apocrine sweat glands

56
Q

The tuft of capillaries that filters blood in the kidney is called the

A

Glomerulus

57
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Regulates glomerular filtration rates

Synthesizes renin

Is associated with the macula densa

58
Q

Which of these is true of sebaceous glands?

A

They show holocrine mode of secretion

Their product is a mixture of lipids.

They are often but not always associated with hair follicles

59
Q

Epidermal ridges are

A

Projections of the lower part of the epidermis that interdigitate with dermal papillae

60
Q

True/false. There are tacitile (touch) receptors in the epidermis.

A

TRUE

61
Q

A synonym for urination is

A

Micturition

62
Q

Which of these is responsible for sensing pressure in deeper organs such as the bladder?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

63
Q

Which one of these are filtered from the blood into Bowman’s capsule?

A

Ions, amino acids, glucose

64
Q

Another name for the eponychium of the nail is the

A

Cuticle

65
Q

How did physicians in the 1600-1700s diagnose diabetes?

A

By tasting a patient’s urine to detect excessive glucose

66
Q

Which of these is associated with acne?

A

Anaerobic bacterial growth

Excess sebum

Blockage of sebaceous gland ducts

67
Q

The three pigments that give color to the skin are melanins, carotenes, and

A

Hemoglobin

68
Q

The region of the dermis immediately adjacent to the basal layer of the epidermis is termed the:

A

Papillary layer

69
Q

The hair follicle is a developmental modification of the

A

Epidermis

70
Q

Identify structures D and K

A

Renal pyramid, Renal pelvis

71
Q

Sweat glands are innervated by

A

Sympathetic nerves

72
Q

The type of sweat gland that are located in the axillary and perineal regions is classified as

A

Apocrine glands

73
Q

All of the following characteristics of the skin are associated with aging EXCEPT one. Which characteristics is the EXCEPTION?

A

Increased vascularity

74
Q

What is the function of podocytes?

A

They are part of the filtration apparatus in the glomerulus

75
Q

Which area of the body skin lacks sebaceous glands?

A

Soles and palms

76
Q

On what day of the ovarian cycle does the embryo typically implant in the endometrium?

A

Day 7

77
Q

Sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles are classified as what type of gland?

A

Holocrine glands

78
Q

Lymph-filled spaces between the dermis and epidermis that are caused by friction are called

A

Blisters

79
Q

Skin cells that flatten and become squamous are

A

Keratinocytes

80
Q

Arrector pili muscles are innervated by

A

Sympathetic nerves

81
Q

Found only in the thick skin

A

Stratum lucid

82
Q

Consists of a single layer of cells

A

Stratum basale

83
Q

The layer with very few cells that are being to be keratinized

A

Stratum granulosum

84
Q

The cytoplasm of its cells are packed mostly with keratin filaments, and the cells are translucent

A

Stratum lucid

85
Q

The layer with squamous cells

A

Stratum corneum

86
Q

The layer with 15-20 layers of keratinized cells

A

Stratum corneum

87
Q

Formed by several layers of polyhedral keratinocytes

A

Stratum spinosum

88
Q

The most common location for Merkel cells

A

Stratum spinosum

89
Q

The most superficial layer

A

Stratum corneum

90
Q

The deepest layer of epidermis

A

Stratum basale

91
Q

The location of melanocytes

A

Stratum basale

92
Q

The location of a lipid-rich layer that retards desiccation

A

Stratum granulosum

93
Q

An infection in the renal pelvis could spread to renal corpuscle of the kidney by first passing through the:

A

Renal papilla

94
Q

Which of these is true about female reproductive system?

A

Early in embryonic development, millions of primary oocytes form in the developing ovary.

An ovarian follicle consists of many support cells, called follicular cells, that surround a primary oocyte.

Of the millions of primary oocytes produced in the ovary, only about 450-550 are ovulated during the life of a woman.

95
Q

T/F The endometrium is lined by simple columnar epithelium

A

TRUE

96
Q

Blood in the urine would most likely indicate an injury to the:

A

Glomerulus

97
Q

One of the ways that heat is retained in the body is that

A

Blood is shunted away from the subpapillary plexus

98
Q

T/F The ducts of apocrine sweat glands usually open into hair follicles.

A

TRUE

Anatomy (22 decks)

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