Exam 4 Flashcards
Which one of these is the main effect of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Difficulty with urination
The male urethra has three parts. Urine leaving the bladder passes through each part in this order:
Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra
The duct of the seminal vesicle and the duct of the vas deferens join to form the
Ejaculatory duct
The dense connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis is called the
Tunica albuginea
The possibility of prostatic carcinoma is indicated by _______
Elevated levels of PSA
The cells in the testis that provide support and nutrition to the spermatogenic cells are
Sertoli cells
The spermatic cord, which helps to suspend the testis in the scrotum, includes these structures (be as complete as possible)
Arteries, veins, nerves, and vas deferens
What is the general purpose of the accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands)?
They provide secretions that combine with sperm to produce semen.
Which one of these is true of Sertoli cells?
They contribute to forming the blood-testis barrier.
They phagocytize excess cytoplasm released by spermatozoa
They have both endocrine and exocrine functions
Penile erection is caused by
The effects of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle.
Filling of the penile trabeculae with blood.
Blockage of the penile venous drainage by the swollen corpora cavernosa.
What is true about interstitial cells
Interstitial cells are not found within the seminiferous tubules, but rather between the tubules
Another name for interstitial cells is Leydig cells
Interstitial cells secrete testosterone
Which mass of erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
According to Dr. Cannatella, the seminiferous tubules resemble
Ramen noodles
Which one is the primary function of the blood-testis barrier?
It prevents autoimmune attacks on the spermatogenic cells, which are formed after the establishment of the immune response.
What is the difference between SRY and TDF?
SRY is the name of the gene, and TDF is the name of the gene product.
The pathway of a spermatozoon from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra is:
Straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens
Which of these glands produces a secretion that lubricates the urethra prior to ejaculation?
Bulbourethral glands
Which one is the mechanism by which the epididymis expels sperm during ejaculation?
Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in the lining of the duct
Which of these is the normal location of fertilization?
Uterine tube
When in the menstrual cycle does ovulation take place?
Around day 14
The layer of the uterus that contains the spiral arteries is the:
Endometrium
Which of these female structures is homologous to the scrotum of males?
Labia majora
During a Pap smear, cells are scraped from the
Cervix
The placenta is the place where which of these substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus
CO2 and O2
Wastes
Nutrients
The structure of the mammary glands is similar to
Apocrine sweat glands
A surge in which of these hormones is the immediate cause of ovulation?
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
The first menstrual cycle, which happens at the onset of puberty, is called the
Menarche
Which one of these is true of the corpus luteum?
It is an endocrine gland, at least for a while.
Its formation is induced by LH
It is formed from the recently ovulated follicle
Which one of these is true of chorionic villi?
The villi are bathed in maternal blood
The villi are part of the placenta
The villi are deeply embedded in the decidua of the uterus
Which one of these is true about polycystic ovary syndrome?
Ovarian follicles do not complete maturation.
It is a common cause of infertility.
The ovaries become enlarged.
Which hormones are responsible for regeneration and development of the functional layer of the endometrium following menstruation?
Estrogens
Which is true of mature ovarian follicles?
They develop from the primordial follicle in about 90 days.
The lining of the vagina is composed of which type of epithelium?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
The movement of urine through the ureter to the bladder is accomplished by
Peristalsis
In males, which region of the urethra passes through the penis?
Spongy urethra
Where is Bowman’s capsule located?
Renal cortex
Juxtaglomerular granular (JG) cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells, produce renin, which is ultimately important in regulating
Blood pressure
The unique stratified epithelium of the urethra that is resistant to the deleterious effects of urine is called
Urothelium
Which of the four major functions of the kidney is not performed by specialized epithelial cells of the tubules?
Excretion
Which one of these is true of urea?
It is not very toxic to humans
It allows the kidneys to concentrate urine to avoid excessive water loss.
It is produced in the liver
You are a blood cell passing through the kidney.
You are in the afferent arteriole; the next structure in your pathway is the
Glomerulus
Kidney stones are called renal calculi. Which one of these is true?
Kidney stones can be extremely painful, but they don’t always require surgery.
Kidney stones can be destroyed by ultrasound.
Kidney stones formed from urate are usually smooth.
Which one of these nitrogenous compounds is NOT found in urine?
All of the following are found in urine: Urea, Uric acid, creatinine
What percentage of urine is composed of water?
about 92%
Which one of these receptors senses stretching and twisting of skin?
Ruffini corpuscles
Which of these is true of Langerhans cells?
They are derived from monocytes
They are involved in adaptive immunity
They are antigen-presenting cells
Which type of receptor senses pain and temperature?
Free nerve endings
The most superficial layer of cells of the hair root is the
Cuticle
The nail plate is formed from the
Nail matrix
What type of tactile cells are found in the epidermis?
Merkel cells
Where is “thick skin” found?
Soles and palms
Scar tissue in wounds is formed of
Collagen
Which amino acid is converted ultimately to melanin?
Tyrosine
Which of these is true about subcutaneous tissue?
The hypodermis contains a rich vascular supply and deposits of adipocytes
In humans, pheromones are produced by
Apocrine sweat glands
The tuft of capillaries that filters blood in the kidney is called the
Glomerulus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus
Regulates glomerular filtration rates
Synthesizes renin
Is associated with the macula densa
Which of these is true of sebaceous glands?
They show holocrine mode of secretion
Their product is a mixture of lipids.
They are often but not always associated with hair follicles
Epidermal ridges are
Projections of the lower part of the epidermis that interdigitate with dermal papillae
True/false. There are tacitile (touch) receptors in the epidermis.
TRUE
A synonym for urination is
Micturition
Which of these is responsible for sensing pressure in deeper organs such as the bladder?
Pacinian corpuscles
Which one of these are filtered from the blood into Bowman’s capsule?
Ions, amino acids, glucose
Another name for the eponychium of the nail is the
Cuticle
How did physicians in the 1600-1700s diagnose diabetes?
By tasting a patient’s urine to detect excessive glucose
Which of these is associated with acne?
Anaerobic bacterial growth
Excess sebum
Blockage of sebaceous gland ducts
The three pigments that give color to the skin are melanins, carotenes, and
Hemoglobin
The region of the dermis immediately adjacent to the basal layer of the epidermis is termed the:
Papillary layer
The hair follicle is a developmental modification of the
Epidermis
Identify structures D and K
Renal pyramid, Renal pelvis
Sweat glands are innervated by
Sympathetic nerves
The type of sweat gland that are located in the axillary and perineal regions is classified as
Apocrine glands
All of the following characteristics of the skin are associated with aging EXCEPT one. Which characteristics is the EXCEPTION?
Increased vascularity
What is the function of podocytes?
They are part of the filtration apparatus in the glomerulus
Which area of the body skin lacks sebaceous glands?
Soles and palms
On what day of the ovarian cycle does the embryo typically implant in the endometrium?
Day 7
Sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles are classified as what type of gland?
Holocrine glands
Lymph-filled spaces between the dermis and epidermis that are caused by friction are called
Blisters
Skin cells that flatten and become squamous are
Keratinocytes
Arrector pili muscles are innervated by
Sympathetic nerves
Found only in the thick skin
Stratum lucid
Consists of a single layer of cells
Stratum basale
The layer with very few cells that are being to be keratinized
Stratum granulosum
The cytoplasm of its cells are packed mostly with keratin filaments, and the cells are translucent
Stratum lucid
The layer with squamous cells
Stratum corneum
The layer with 15-20 layers of keratinized cells
Stratum corneum
Formed by several layers of polyhedral keratinocytes
Stratum spinosum
The most common location for Merkel cells
Stratum spinosum
The most superficial layer
Stratum corneum
The deepest layer of epidermis
Stratum basale
The location of melanocytes
Stratum basale
The location of a lipid-rich layer that retards desiccation
Stratum granulosum
An infection in the renal pelvis could spread to renal corpuscle of the kidney by first passing through the:
Renal papilla
Which of these is true about female reproductive system?
Early in embryonic development, millions of primary oocytes form in the developing ovary.
An ovarian follicle consists of many support cells, called follicular cells, that surround a primary oocyte.
Of the millions of primary oocytes produced in the ovary, only about 450-550 are ovulated during the life of a woman.
T/F The endometrium is lined by simple columnar epithelium
TRUE
Blood in the urine would most likely indicate an injury to the:
Glomerulus
One of the ways that heat is retained in the body is that
Blood is shunted away from the subpapillary plexus
T/F The ducts of apocrine sweat glands usually open into hair follicles.
TRUE
