Nervous system test Flashcards
Functions of the CNS
Receive and process information
Regulate all bodily activities
Structures of the Nervous System
nerves, brain, spinal cord, sensory organs
Structure of the nerve
ganglion, innervations, plexus, receptors, stimulus
receptors
sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation to be sent to the brain for interpretation
Structures of neurons and their functions LABEL
dendrites, axon, terminal end fibers
Dendrites: root like processes that receive the impulse and conduct them to the cell body
Axon: process that extends away from the cell body and conducts the impulse away the nerve cell
Terminal End Fibers: branching fibers at the end of the axon
Synapse: space between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
neurotransmitters
substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
myelin sheath
the covering made up of glial cell, white sheath forms white matter of brain, covers some parts of spinal cord, covers axon of most peripheral nerve
structures and functions of meninges LABEL
system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord, 3 layers of connective tissue, dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
reflexes
automatic, involuntary response to some change inside or outside body, ex. change in heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, response to pain stimuli
Specialized peripheral nerve types and functions
autonomic: carry instructions to and from the autonomic nervous system
Sensory: receive external stimuli, transmits it to the brain where it is interpreted
somatic: convey info that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements
Autonomic nervous system divisions/functions
sympathetic, parasympathetic
control involuntary actions and functions of internal organs
S: prepares body for emergencies and stress by increasing breathing/heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
P: returns body to normal after a response to stress, also maintains normal body functions during ordinary circumstances
cerebrum structure and function
hemispheres
Largest and uppermost portion
Responsible for:Thought, Judgment, Memory, & Emotion, Controlling and integrating motor and sensory function
Left cerebral hemisphere - controls most functions of the right side of the body
Right cerebral hemisphere - controls most functions of the left side of the body
The crossing of the nerve fibers the make this arrangement possible happens in the brain stem
Cerebral hemispheres are subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes
Named for the bone of the cranium that covers it
Frontal lobe - controls skilled motor function memory and behavior
Parietal lobe - receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptor
Occipital lobe - controls eyesight
Temporal lobe - controls hearing, smell and the ability to create, store, and access new info
access new information
temporal lobe
controls hearing, smell and the ability to create, store, and access new information
hypothalamus
controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, digestive tract activity, regulates emotional response, body temp, food intake/hunger sensation, water balance/thirst, sleep-wakefulness cycles, pituitary gland/endo syst
cerebellum
2nd largest part of brain, smooth coordinated movements, maintain equilibrium, sustain normal posture, receives incoming messages regarding movement within joints, muscle tone and positions of the body
cranial nerves
12 pairs. 31 pairs spinal
encephalocele
congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
meningocele
congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
hydrocephalus
a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord. this condition which can be fatal is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection
dementia
slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes
reye’s syndrome
potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion. this syndrome usually follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin
concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain. may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function
cranial hematomas
collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
epidural- located above dura mater
subdural-below dura mater
lethargy
lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness and apathy
stupor
an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly and with vigorous, repeated attempts
syncope
aka fainting, the brief loss of consciousness caused by decreased flow of blood to the brain
delirium
an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation and hallucinations
ischemic stroke
most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked
hemorrhagic stroke
aka bleed, also occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks
somnambulism
aka sleepwalking, the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
myelitis
the inflammation of the spinal cord
lou gehrig’s disease
aka amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. patient becomes progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed and die
bell’s palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot
epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity
coma
deep unresponsive/unconsciousness sleep, absence of spontaneous eye movement, response to pain stimuli, and speech
functions of PNS
transmit nerve signals to and from the CNS
anesthesiologist
physician who administers anesthesia
cephalgia
headache, pain in head
