Final Review Flashcards
Abdominopelvic region
top R/L hypochondriac, top M epigastric, mid R/L lumbar region, mid M umbilical region, bottom R/L iliac, bottom M hypogastric
ACE inhibitor
antihypertensive medication
Adhesion
fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally as a result of an injury or surgery
Anatomic position
standing erect, palms facing forward, feet pointing forward (gives us standard point of reference)
Anemia:
Iron-deficiency
hemochromatosis
megaloblastic
sickle-cell
1) lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood
2) “most common form of anemia,” iron is essential component of hemoglobin. without sufficient iron to help create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively
3) “iron overload disease” genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
4) anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal, resulting from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B
5) genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
Antibody
(immunoglobulin) disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen
Aneurysm
a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
Antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign (viruses, bacteria, toxins, transplanted tissue)
Antigen-antibody reaction
Involves binding antigens to antibodies/immunoglobulins, labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed
Arrhythmia
describes an abnormality, or loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
Arthrodesis
surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint, usually to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint
Arthrolysis
loosening of joint
Arthroplasty
surgical fixation of joints
Atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
Atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures; can be caused by disease or disuse
Bacteria
one celled microscopic organisms. bacterial infections are treated with antibodies
B Cells vs. T Cells
lymphocyte that forms antibodies vs. lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and coordinate immune defences
Blood pressure:
systolic
diastolic
1) pressure occurring when the ventricles contract
2) pressure occurring when the ventricles are relaxed, or between heartbeats
Body Cavities
Ventral- Thoracic: protects heart and lungs, Pelvic: hip bones form reproduction, Abdominal: digestion
Dorsal- Cranial, Spinal
Orbital, Nasal, Buccal
Body Planes
know
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels
Cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
Cell
basic unit of body
Cell Types:
lymphocytes
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
1) WBC formed in the bone marrow as stem cells
2) least common type of WBC
3) destroy parasitic organisms in the body’s tissues
4) most common blood cell
Chromosomes
genetic structures found in the nucleus
Communicable disease
capable of being transmitted
Congenital disorder
birth defect, and developmental disorder
Congestive heart failure
heart has buildup of fluid because it is unable to pump out all the blood it receives
Coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking the coronary artery
Craniostenosis
premature closure of cranial sutures
Crepitation
when the ends of broken bones move together, a grating sound can be heard/felt
Cyanosis
the bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
Deep vein thrombosis
blood clot on the wall of a deep vein
Disease transmission:
airborne
direct contact
indirect contact
1) passed through contaminated air/respiratory droplets
2) touching
3) contaminated surface
Elevation
raising or lifting a body part, raising of rib cage during inhalation
Endothelium
lines vessels, body cavities, glands and organs
Epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissue surrounding the elbow, lateral-tennis, medial-golfer
Fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia
Fascioplasty
surgical fixation of the fascia
Foramen
An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
Fracture types:
simple
transverse
spiral
1) aka closed, bone is broken but there is no open wound
2) fracture is straight across bone (transverse plane)
3) occurs from a severe twisting motion
Hamstring injury
injury to the muscles and tendons that flex the knee and extend the hip
Heart electrical system:
atrioventricular node
sinoatrial node
purkinje fibers
1) located on the floor of the right atrium, sends impulses to the Bundle of His from SA node
2) bundle of nerve cells in the heart, “natural pacemaker”
3) relay an electrical signal to the cells of the ventricle walls causing them to contract
Hemolytic
destroys worn-out red blood cells and releases their hemoglobin to be reused
Heart structures:
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
valves
1) send blood to lungs from heart
2) send blood to heart from lungs
3) controls flow of blood, prevents back flow
Hemopoietic
formation of blood
Histologist
A histologist is a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues (specialist in tissues)
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
distinguished by large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when the immune response is compromised (weak)
Joint types:
cartilaginous
fibrous
synovial
1) Joint created by cartilage
2) inflexible joint called suture
3) flexible joint, allows variety of movements
Muscle spasm
sudden, involuntary contracture of one or more muscle
Muscle tissue types
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
1) attaches to bone, makes body movement possible
2) involuntary, lines all muscles except heart
3) involuntary, forms heart walls
Myeloma
tumor of spinal cord/bone marrow
Myocele
protrusion of a muscle through a tear in the fascia
Myoclonus
sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle
Myofascial release
treats fibromyalgia, is soft tissue manipulation
Myolysis
degeneration of muscle tissue
Neuroplasty
surgical fixation of nerves
Osteitis
inflammation of bone tissue
Myoplasty
surgical fixation of muscle
Osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density often associated with aging
Osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone
Otorhinolaryngology
study of the ears, nose, and throat
Paget’s disease
bone disease of unknown cause that is characterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
Patella
knee cap
Plantar flexion
bending the foot downward at the ankle
Plaque
fatty deposit on artery wall
Radiograph
fracture diagnosed by
Red bone marrow vs. yellow bone marrow
hemopoietic vs. serves as a fat storage area in the bones
Rotation vs. circumduction
a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint, a bone turns on its own axis vs. the circular movement at the far end of a limb
Shin splint
painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia
Spina bifida
congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
Spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
Sprain
injury to a joint that causes damage to a ligament
Tendon
non-elastic, dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tibia
larger of the lower leg bones
Thrombocytopenia
abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood, sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding
Tissue types:
muscle
nerve
loose connective
adipose
1) can contract and relax
2) reacts to stimuli and impulses
3) surrounds organs, supports nerve cells and blood vessels
4) fat
Valvular prolapse
organ or internal part protrudes or falls down into an area it doesn’t belong
Valvulitis
inflammation of valves
Word root
Combining form
Prefix
Suffix
1)basic meaning of term
2) vowel
3) location, time, number, status
4) indicate procedure, condition, disorder
