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Biology 101 > Nervous System, Sleep > Flashcards

Nervous System, Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System:

Provides ____ responses by integrating ____ and ____ information.

A

Provides “rapid” responses by integrating “internal” and “external” information.

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2
Q

Cnidarian nervous system

A

diffuse nerve net

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3
Q

Echinoderm nervous system

A

nerve ring

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4
Q

Cephalization

A

clustering of sensory neurons and interneurons at anterior end

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5
Q

The human brain has ___ # nerve cells

A

100 billion neurons

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6
Q

Parts of a neuron: Dendrites

A

Receives signals from other neurons

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7
Q

Parts of a neuron: Maintains cell health

A

Cell body

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8
Q

Parts of a neuron: Axon hillock

A

generates signal

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9
Q

Parts of a neuron: Axon

A

Sends signal to terminal branches

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10
Q

Parts of a neuron: Myelin sheath

A

Nourishes, insulates and protects axon, also allows for a special function:

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11
Q

Parts of a neuron: Synaptic terminals

A

sends signal to other cells

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12
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Information processing: Brain AND Spinal Cord

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Non-central nervous system

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14
Q

Afferent Neurons/System

A

Involved in SENSING stimuli

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15
Q

Efferent Neurons/System

A

Controls REACTION to those stimuli determined by the central nervous system beforehand.

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16
Q

What are two subcategories of the Efferent System?

A

The autonomic nervous system, and the motor system.

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17
Q

3 subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

The Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric divisions

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18
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Division– What increases, and what decreases?

A

Controls fight or flight response, arousal, energy, increased heart rate, epinephrine, and LOWERED digestion.

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19
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic Division– What increases, and what decreases?

A

Calming. Lowers heart rate and epinephrine, but INCREASES digestion.

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20
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Enteric Division–

A

Controls digestive tract, pancreas, gallbladder, persistalsis

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21
Q

Form matches function: Sensory Neurons

A

Very long axons

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22
Q

Form matches function: Motor Neurons

A

about average size and branching

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23
Q

Form matches function: Interneurons

A

Exist in brain, extremely branched

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24
Q

Glial Cells

A

General name for brain supporting cells

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25
Q

How many glial cells for every neuron?

A

at least 50

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26
Q

Oligodendricytes: Which system, function

A

Myelination of axons to increase signal speed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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27
Q

Schwann Cells: Which system, function

A

Myelination of axons to increase signal speed in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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28
Q

Astrocytes 2 functions

A

provide metabolic support to neurons and create a blood brain barrier.

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29
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

allows small particles to pass through, but not bacteria or large molecules

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30
Q

Membrane Potential

A

voltage e- difference across the plasma membrane.

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31
Q

Resting Potential Differences

A

The inside of the cell is MORE NEGATIVE by about 70mV.

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32
Q

Resting Potential: which ions are located inside cell?

A

High amounts of K+ and A-

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33
Q

Resting Potential: which ions are located outside the cell?

A

High amounts of Na+ and Cl-

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34
Q

Membrane is selectively _____ due to ____ ___ ___ ___.

A

Membrane is selectively permeable due to active transport ion channels.

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35
Q

3 main types of membrane proteins

A

Sodium Potassium Pumps, Potassium channels, and sodium channels.

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36
Q

Function of a Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Pushes Na+ ions out of cell, and K+ ions into the cell. (proponent of Resting Potential)

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37
Q

Graded Potential

A

amplitude depends on strength of the stimulus

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38
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

inside of cell becomes more negative because potassium channels open, allowing high [] of K+ to leave the cell, removing positive charge.

39
Q

Depolarization

A

cell becomes less negative because the sodium channels open, allowing high [] of Na+ to enter cell.

40
Q

Threshold (definition and #)

A

Around -55mV, any stimulus above this value will cause a set action potential.

41
Q

Action Potential

A

nerve impulse that carries signal along axon. Many sodium channels are opened.

42
Q

Review of Action Potential Steps: 1/5

A

Resting Potential: All potassium and sodium channels closed. High [ ] sodium outside, High [ ] potassium inside.

43
Q

Review of Action Potential Steps: 2/5

A

Depolarization: Sodium channels open and positive Na+ enters cell causing rise in mV.

44
Q

Review of Action Potential Steps: 3/5

A

Rising Phase of Action Potential: Threshold passed, all sodium channels open, causing great increase in positive mV.

45
Q

Review of Action Potential Steps: 4/5

A

Falling Phase of Action Potential: To re-reach equilibrium, the potassium channels open, allowing K+ to leave cell, decreasing mV in cell.

46
Q

Review of Action Potential Steps: 5/5

A

Undershoot: After equilibrium of charge has been reached, potassium channels remain open for awhile, causing even more K+ to leave cell, causing cell to become slightly more negative than resting potential.

47
Q

Refraction Period

A

Cell cannot send an action potential for awhile because of the undershoot.

48
Q

Toxins: Tetrodotoxin (animal and function and cause)

A

Puffer fish, defense, blocks Na+ ion channels, causes paralysis

49
Q

Toxins: Alpha and Beta toxins

A

Scorpion, capturing prey, shift opening and closing of Na+ channels, causes scrambled signals

50
Q

Toxins: Apamin

A

Honeybees, defense, blocks K+ channels, causes a prolonged action potential.

51
Q

Why does an Action Potential only move in one direction?

A

Conduction of Action Potentials move in ONE direction. Hyperpolarized region behind action potential cannot respond.

52
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Depolarized Regions in between Schwann cells. Where action potential is initiated.

53
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Allow quicker conduction of action potentials due to saltatory conduction.

54
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Jumping conduction

55
Q

Synapse

A

Site of communication between synaptic terminal and another cell

56
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

physically touching, faster, direct, rare

57
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Use of neurotransmitters, slower, common

58
Q

Vesicles

A

packets containing neurotransmitters

59
Q

Synapse Step by Step: 1/4

A

Action potential depolarizes presynaptic membrane, Ca 2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters presynaptic neuron.

60
Q

Synapse Step by Step: 2/4

A

Ca 2+ causes vesicles of neurotransmitters to fuse to presynaptic membrane by exocytosis, releasing NT’s.

61
Q

Synapse Step by Step: 3/4

A

NT’s bind to receptors on post synaptic membrane.

62
Q

Synapse Step by Step: 4/4

A

Triggers opening of ion channels

63
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

NT’s bind to ion channels, causing a postsynaptic potential.

64
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

NT binds to a non- ion channel protein, initiates a signal transduction pathway.

65
Q

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

depolarizing

66
Q

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

polarizing

67
Q

Summation of IPSP & EPSP: Subthreshold

A

Do not add up to threshold

68
Q

Summation of IPSP & EPSP: Temporal

A

A single neuron can rapidly produce action potentials that do not fade completely in the time it takes for production of another action potential.

69
Q

Summation of IPSP & EPSP: Spatial

A

Different neurons add up or subtract .

70
Q

The _____ is more important than the ____ in determining E or I.

A

The receptor is more important than the neurotransmitter in determining E or I.

71
Q

Acetylcholine (function with metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptors.

A

With metabotropic receptors, it helps muscle cells and the brain, with ionotropic cells, it helps cardiac muscles

72
Q

GABA (ion/metabo)? function? and where?

A

Chief inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system, helps with anxiety

73
Q

Serotonin(ion/metabo?) function?

A

mood, treats depression

74
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion

75
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory, learning

76
Q

Brainstem

A

controls heartbeat, breathing, digestion, sleep

77
Q

Reticular Formation

A

takes in signals and filters them before they reach the brain

78
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

reward pathway, happy feeling from food, social behaviors, and sex

79
Q

Reward pathway

A

VTA–> Nucleus Accumbens–> prefrontal cortex

80
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

controls decision making and some emotion

81
Q

Sleep helps with:

A

maintenance, repair, restoration, learning and memory consolidation

82
Q

Sleep can hinder by:

A

making animals vulnerable

83
Q

Unihemispheric Sleep

A

half of the brain sleeps at one time

84
Q

Pancreas: Alpha Cells

A

contain glucagon that raises blood glucose levels

85
Q

Pancreas: Beta Cells

A

contain insulin which lower blood glucose levels

86
Q

Glucagon and Insulin are related by _____ feedback

A

Glucagon and Insulin are related by negative feedback.

87
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Known as juvenile diabetes: Beta cells are destroyed by the immune system

88
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Need abnormally high levels of insulin, beta cells cannot meet demand,

89
Q

Leptin

A

Appetite suppressing hormone

90
Q

Adipose

A

fat cells that produce leptin

91
Q

Lower levels of adipose…

A

decrease in leptin production, increased appetite, decreased energy expenditure

92
Q

Higher levels of adipose…

A

increase in leptin production, decreased appetite, increased energy expenditure

93
Q

For sleep deprived individuals, levels of leptin ____.

A

For sleep deprived individuals, levels of leptin decrease.

94
Q

Ghrelin

A

appetite stimulating hormone released by stomach cells when hungry

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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