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Biology 101 > Nervous System, Sleep > Flashcards

Nervous System, Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System:

Provides ____ responses by integrating ____ and ____ information.

A

Provides “rapid” responses by integrating “internal” and “external” information.

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2
Q

Cnidarian nervous system

A

diffuse nerve net

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3
Q

Echinoderm nervous system

A

nerve ring

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4
Q

Cephalization

A

clustering of sensory neurons and interneurons at anterior end

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5
Q

The human brain has ___ # nerve cells

A

100 billion neurons

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6
Q

Parts of a neuron: Dendrites

A

Receives signals from other neurons

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7
Q

Parts of a neuron: Maintains cell health

A

Cell body

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8
Q

Parts of a neuron: Axon hillock

A

generates signal

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9
Q

Parts of a neuron: Axon

A

Sends signal to terminal branches

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10
Q

Parts of a neuron: Myelin sheath

A

Nourishes, insulates and protects axon, also allows for a special function:

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11
Q

Parts of a neuron: Synaptic terminals

A

sends signal to other cells

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12
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Information processing: Brain AND Spinal Cord

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Non-central nervous system

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14
Q

Afferent Neurons/System

A

Involved in SENSING stimuli

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15
Q

Efferent Neurons/System

A

Controls REACTION to those stimuli determined by the central nervous system beforehand.

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16
Q

What are two subcategories of the Efferent System?

A

The autonomic nervous system, and the motor system.

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17
Q

3 subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

The Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric divisions

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18
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Division– What increases, and what decreases?

A

Controls fight or flight response, arousal, energy, increased heart rate, epinephrine, and LOWERED digestion.

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19
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic Division– What increases, and what decreases?

A

Calming. Lowers heart rate and epinephrine, but INCREASES digestion.

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20
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Enteric Division–

A

Controls digestive tract, pancreas, gallbladder, persistalsis

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21
Q

Form matches function: Sensory Neurons

A

Very long axons

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22
Q

Form matches function: Motor Neurons

A

about average size and branching

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23
Q

Form matches function: Interneurons

A

Exist in brain, extremely branched

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24
Q

Glial Cells

A

General name for brain supporting cells

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25
How many glial cells for every neuron?
at least 50
26
Oligodendricytes: Which system, function
Myelination of axons to increase signal speed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
27
Schwann Cells: Which system, function
Myelination of axons to increase signal speed in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
28
Astrocytes 2 functions
provide metabolic support to neurons and create a blood brain barrier.
29
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
allows small particles to pass through, but not bacteria or large molecules
30
Membrane Potential
voltage e- difference across the plasma membrane.
31
Resting Potential Differences
The inside of the cell is MORE NEGATIVE by about 70mV.
32
Resting Potential: which ions are located inside cell?
High amounts of K+ and A-
33
Resting Potential: which ions are located outside the cell?
High amounts of Na+ and Cl-
34
Membrane is selectively _____ due to ____ ___ ___ ___.
Membrane is selectively permeable due to active transport ion channels.
35
3 main types of membrane proteins
Sodium Potassium Pumps, Potassium channels, and sodium channels.
36
Function of a Sodium Potassium Pump
Pushes Na+ ions out of cell, and K+ ions into the cell. (proponent of Resting Potential)
37
Graded Potential
amplitude depends on strength of the stimulus
38
Hyperpolarization
inside of cell becomes more negative because potassium channels open, allowing high [] of K+ to leave the cell, removing positive charge.
39
Depolarization
cell becomes less negative because the sodium channels open, allowing high [] of Na+ to enter cell.
40
Threshold (definition and #)
Around -55mV, any stimulus above this value will cause a set action potential.
41
Action Potential
nerve impulse that carries signal along axon. Many sodium channels are opened.
42
Review of Action Potential Steps: 1/5
Resting Potential: All potassium and sodium channels closed. High [ ] sodium outside, High [ ] potassium inside.
43
Review of Action Potential Steps: 2/5
Depolarization: Sodium channels open and positive Na+ enters cell causing rise in mV.
44
Review of Action Potential Steps: 3/5
Rising Phase of Action Potential: Threshold passed, all sodium channels open, causing great increase in positive mV.
45
Review of Action Potential Steps: 4/5
Falling Phase of Action Potential: To re-reach equilibrium, the potassium channels open, allowing K+ to leave cell, decreasing mV in cell.
46
Review of Action Potential Steps: 5/5
Undershoot: After equilibrium of charge has been reached, potassium channels remain open for awhile, causing even more K+ to leave cell, causing cell to become slightly more negative than resting potential.
47
Refraction Period
Cell cannot send an action potential for awhile because of the undershoot.
48
Toxins: Tetrodotoxin (animal and function and cause)
Puffer fish, defense, blocks Na+ ion channels, causes paralysis
49
Toxins: Alpha and Beta toxins
Scorpion, capturing prey, shift opening and closing of Na+ channels, causes scrambled signals
50
Toxins: Apamin
Honeybees, defense, blocks K+ channels, causes a prolonged action potential.
51
Why does an Action Potential only move in one direction?
Conduction of Action Potentials move in ONE direction. Hyperpolarized region behind action potential cannot respond.
52
Nodes of Ranvier
Depolarized Regions in between Schwann cells. Where action potential is initiated.
53
Schwann Cells
Allow quicker conduction of action potentials due to saltatory conduction.
54
Saltatory Conduction
Jumping conduction
55
Synapse
Site of communication between synaptic terminal and another cell
56
Electrical Synapse
physically touching, faster, direct, rare
57
Chemical Synapse
Use of neurotransmitters, slower, common
58
Vesicles
packets containing neurotransmitters
59
Synapse Step by Step: 1/4
Action potential depolarizes presynaptic membrane, Ca 2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters presynaptic neuron.
60
Synapse Step by Step: 2/4
Ca 2+ causes vesicles of neurotransmitters to fuse to presynaptic membrane by exocytosis, releasing NT's.
61
Synapse Step by Step: 3/4
NT's bind to receptors on post synaptic membrane.
62
Synapse Step by Step: 4/4
Triggers opening of ion channels
63
Ionotropic Receptors
NT's bind to ion channels, causing a postsynaptic potential.
64
Metabotropic Receptor
NT binds to a non- ion channel protein, initiates a signal transduction pathway.
65
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
depolarizing
66
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
polarizing
67
Summation of IPSP & EPSP: Subthreshold
Do not add up to threshold
68
Summation of IPSP & EPSP: Temporal
A single neuron can rapidly produce action potentials that do not fade completely in the time it takes for production of another action potential.
69
Summation of IPSP & EPSP: Spatial
Different neurons add up or subtract .
70
The _____ is more important than the ____ in determining E or I.
The receptor is more important than the neurotransmitter in determining E or I.
71
Acetylcholine (function with metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptors.
With metabotropic receptors, it helps muscle cells and the brain, with ionotropic cells, it helps cardiac muscles
72
GABA (ion/metabo)? function? and where?
Chief inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system, helps with anxiety
73
Serotonin(ion/metabo?) function?
mood, treats depression
74
Amygdala
Emotion
75
Hippocampus
Memory, learning
76
Brainstem
controls heartbeat, breathing, digestion, sleep
77
Reticular Formation
takes in signals and filters them before they reach the brain
78
Nucleus Accumbens
reward pathway, happy feeling from food, social behaviors, and sex
79
Reward pathway
VTA--> Nucleus Accumbens--> prefrontal cortex
80
Frontal Lobe
controls decision making and some emotion
81
Sleep helps with:
maintenance, repair, restoration, learning and memory consolidation
82
Sleep can hinder by:
making animals vulnerable
83
Unihemispheric Sleep
half of the brain sleeps at one time
84
Pancreas: Alpha Cells
contain glucagon that raises blood glucose levels
85
Pancreas: Beta Cells
contain insulin which lower blood glucose levels
86
Glucagon and Insulin are related by _____ feedback
Glucagon and Insulin are related by negative feedback.
87
Type 1 Diabetes
Known as juvenile diabetes: Beta cells are destroyed by the immune system
88
Type 2 Diabetes
Need abnormally high levels of insulin, beta cells cannot meet demand,
89
Leptin
Appetite suppressing hormone
90
Adipose
fat cells that produce leptin
91
Lower levels of adipose...
decrease in leptin production, increased appetite, decreased energy expenditure
92
Higher levels of adipose...
increase in leptin production, decreased appetite, increased energy expenditure
93
For sleep deprived individuals, levels of leptin ____.
For sleep deprived individuals, levels of leptin decrease.
94
Ghrelin
appetite stimulating hormone released by stomach cells when hungry

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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