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Biology 101 > DNA/RNA > Flashcards

DNA/RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of a nucleotide (3 parts)

A

Phosphate group on 5’ carbon, Pentose sugar with OH on 3’carbon, Nitrogen base

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2
Q

DNA Polymerase can only build DNA from the __ end.

A

3’ End. (With -OH group)

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3
Q

DNA strands are connected by…

A

Hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

How many bonds are between each base pair?

A

A-T have 2. G-C have 3.

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5
Q

When does DNA replicate?

A

Just before cell division

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6
Q

Where does DNA replicate?

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Where can you find an origin of replication site?

A

At a place with a lot of A-T base pairs

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8
Q

Replication proteins: Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA by breaking H bonds.

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9
Q

Replication proteins: Single strand binding proteins

A

Prevents re-pairing of DNA strands.

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10
Q

Replication proteins: Topoisomerase

A

prevents “super twisting”

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11
Q

Replication proteins: DNA Polymerase

A

Makes DNA starting on 3’ side

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12
Q

Replication proteins: Primase

A

makes RNA primer

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13
Q

Replication proteins: DNA Ligase

A

Makes phosphodiester bond “seals nick”

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14
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information for an organism

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15
Q

Telomeres

A

ends of chromosomes, stretches of repeated bases. prevent lose of genes by buffering loss of chromosome length.

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16
Q

Somatic Cells

A

General body cells

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17
Q

Hayflick Limit

A

40 divisions

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18
Q

Which kinds of cells can pass the hay flick limit?

A

Zygotes and stem cells

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19
Q

Telomerase

A

exists in zygotes and stem cells to extend length of telomeres so that chromosomes do not shorten.

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20
Q

Repair Systems for DNA (2 General)

A

DNA Polymerase has a proofreading system. Also some mismatch repair systems.

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21
Q

Excision Repair

A

Nuclease Enzyme cuts DNA, DNA Pol fills gap, Ligase finishes

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22
Q

Nuclease Enzyme

A

cuts DNA during excision repair

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23
Q

Chromosome cell structure

A

DNA wraps around histones->8 histone nucleosome complex->nucleosomes wrapped into 30 nm fiber->fibers wrapped into looped domains (300nm) ->loops form metaphase chromosomes

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24
Q

Gene Expression

A

Process from DNA to building of protein

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25
Q

Gene Expression (Specifics)

A

Transcription->Pre mRNA->RNA Processing=mRNA ->Translation at ribosome to make protein.

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26
Q

Transcription Process (3 general steps)

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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27
Q

Transcription: Initiation stage

A

RNA Polymerase binds to promoter, unwinds DNA and reads bottom strand, builds in 5’-3’ direction

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28
Q

Transcription: Elongation stage

A

RNA Pol continues down DNA strand making RNA strand longer

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29
Q

Transcription: Termination stage

A

signals end of gene

30
Q

TATA box

A

25 base pair downstream that indicates where RNA Pol must start

31
Q

Transcription Factors (object)

A

Binds to TATA box before RNA Pol comes in

32
Q

Transcription Initiation Complex

A

Combo of Transcription Factors and RNA Pol.

33
Q

Pre mRNA -> mRNA process (Step 1)

A

Add 5’ cap and Poly A tail to pre mRNA

34
Q

Pre mRNA -> mRNA process (Step 2)

A

Remove introns via RNA Splicing

35
Q

Introns

A

Non expressed portions of gene

36
Q

Exons

A

Expressed section of gene

37
Q

RNA Splicing

A

brings exons together

38
Q

snRNA’s

A

involved in splicing out introns

39
Q

SNURP

A

small nuclear ribo proteins (snRNA’s and protein complex)

40
Q

Spliceosome

A

Complex of slurps that splice exons together

41
Q

Alternative RNA Splicing

A

Each gene can create more than one protein depending on which exons are cut out

42
Q

Sections of RNA

A

untranslated region, start codon, codons, stop codon

43
Q

Redundancy

A

a single amino acid can have multiple three letter codons

44
Q

Sites on a tRNA

A

amino acid attachment site, and anticodon part to complement mRNA

45
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases

A

connect amino acids to tRNA’s.

46
Q

Ribosomes

A

workbench of translation, made of ribonucleoprotein complexes

47
Q

Ribonucleoprotein Complex

A

combo of rRNA and proteins

48
Q

Formation of an Ribosome

A

Put together in nucleolus, 2 subunits, large and small.

49
Q

4 Binding Sites of a Ribosome

A

mRNA binding site, A, P, and E sites

50
Q

“A” Binding site of a Ribosome

A

tRNA with an amino acid sits here and waits to be connected to the mRNA

51
Q

“P” Binding site of a Ribosome

A

tRNA binds with the mRNA peptide

52
Q

“E”Binding site of a Ribosome

A

tRNA exits

53
Q

Translation: Initiation Stage (3 steps)

A
  1. ) mRNA sits in ribosomal small subunit with AUG in P site
  2. ) Anti codon of tRNA initiator binds to start codon
  3. ) Large ribosomal subunit binds ontop
54
Q

Translation: Elongation Stage (4 steps)

A
  1. ) Codon Recognition
  2. ) Peptide bond formation
  3. ) Translocation
  4. ) uncharged tRNA leaves through E site
55
Q

Translation Elongation Stage: Codon Recognition

A

Anticodon of next charged tRNA binds to A site

56
Q

Translation Elongation Stage: Peptide Bond Formation

A

tRNA start bond broken (met) Met forms peptide bond with next amino acid

57
Q

Translation Elongation Stage: Translocation

A

Ribosome moves down mRNA and A site become vacant again

58
Q

Translation: Termination Stage

A

Ribosome reaches stop codon and in comes the “Release Factor Protein”, which makes the complex decouple

59
Q

Release Factor Protein

A

Comes into a ribosome during termination stage to decouple the entire Ribonucleoprotein Complex

60
Q

Post Translational Localization

A

Proteins brought to their destination AFTER translation process

61
Q

Co-Translational Localization

A

Signal peptide for ER causes a “Signal Recognition Particle” to bind to signal peptide and halt translation until complex reaches ER, then resumes again.

62
Q

Point Mutations: 2 Types

A

Base Substitution and Deletion/Insertion

63
Q

Types of Base Substitutions

A

Silent, Missense, and Nonsense Mutations

64
Q

Point Mutations: Base Subs: Silent

A

a single base pair is substituted, however it still codes to the same amino acid

65
Q

Point Mutations: Base Subs: Missense

A

a single base pair is substituted, however this causes a different amino acid to be put here

66
Q

Point Mutations: Base Subs: Nonsense

A

a single base pair is substituted, and this causes a stop codon which causes protein truncation

67
Q

What system allows protein destruction?

A

Ubiquitin-Proteosome System

68
Q

Ubiquitin

A

a tag that is put on proteins, signaling them to be destroyed

69
Q

Ubiquitin Protein Ligase

A

Protein that puts the ubiquitin tag on proteins

70
Q

Proteosome

A

chops up ubiquitinated proteins

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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