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Biology 101 > Mitosis ,Cell Cycle, and Cancer > Flashcards

Mitosis ,Cell Cycle, and Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis (Broad)

A

Division of Somatic Cells

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2
Q

Meiosis (Broad)

A

Division of Non-Somatic Cells: Production of Gametes

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3
Q

Division in Prokaryotes

A

Binary Fission

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4
Q

Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis

A

Mitosis= Division of nucleus, Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm

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5
Q

Functions of Mitosis(3)

A

Growth (embryo->now), Repair/Replacement, Asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Chromosomes constitute what % of Genes?

A

2%

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

Picture of all DNA chromosomes in the nucleus

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8
Q

Human Karyotype __ chromosomes, __ pairs

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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9
Q

Diploid (meaning and abbreviation)

A

Paired chromosomes, 2n

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10
Q

Haploid (meaning and abbreviation)

A

Full Set of Chromosomes, but no pairs: n

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11
Q

Human Abbreviation

A

2n= 46

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12
Q

Pre-Mitosis Procedure [2]

A

Each chromosome is replicated prior to mitosis (yarny), then the chromosomes condense

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13
Q

Pieces of a metaphase chromosome

A

Chromatids, Centromere, cohesins, Kinetochore

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14
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

a set of replicated chromosomes

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15
Q

Centromere

A

Central connection point of the two sister chromatids

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16
Q

Cohesins

A

Run the length of chromatids holding them together

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17
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein structure that surrounds the centromere, where microtubles will attach during Mitosis

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18
Q

Interphase

A

includes phases G0, G1, G2

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19
Q

G0 Phase

A

Cell receives signal to divide

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20
Q

G1 (3)

A

Cell growth, duplication of organelles, prepare for DNA replication

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21
Q

S Phase

A

DNA Synthesis, DNA replication

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22
Q

G2

A

More growth, Centrosomes appear

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23
Q

Centrosomes (MTOC)

A

MTOC Microtubule Organizing Center

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24
Q

Mitotic Phases (4-5 phases)

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

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25
Q

Prophase (5)

A

Nuclear envelope disappears, Organelles degrade into vesicles, chromosomes condense, centrosomes migrate to opposite ends of cell, Mitotic Spindle forms to each chromosome

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26
Q

Metaphase (1)

A

Chromosomes align on cell equator

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27
Q

Anaphase (3 general)

A

Cohesins degrade and chromosomes split, pulled to opposite ends of cell, cell also elongates.

28
Q

Telophase (5 opposite)

A

Nuclear envelope reappears, organelles come back, chromosomes decondense, centrosomes disappear, mitotic spindle breaks down

29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow forms as dynamic MICROFILAMENTS of actin act as a belt

30
Q

Checkpoints

A

critical points in cell cycle that are regulated, deciding if division should proceed or not

31
Q

G1 Checkpoint (3)

A

is the growth factor present (are you allowed to divide), is cell big enough, is DNA undamaged?

32
Q

G2 Checkpoint (1)

A

Is DNA replication complete?

33
Q

Metaphase Checkpoint

A

are chromosomes connected to kinetochore MT’s?

34
Q

Apoptosis Cycle

A

Cell suicide pathway-> DNA degraded, cell blebs, remnants engulfed by other cells

35
Q

Division Limits/Properties of Normal Cells (3)

A

Growth factors stimulate cells, Anchorage Dependence, and Density dependent inhibition

36
Q

Growth Factors

A

molecules that stimulate cells to divide

37
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Most cells will only divide when touching something

38
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

Cells will stop dividing at a critical density

39
Q

Immortal Cells

A

Unregulated Cell Division without cell dying

40
Q

HeLa Cells

A

immortal cell line used in scientific research

41
Q

Tumor

A

Mass of Cells dividing uncontrollably

42
Q

Stages/Levels of a Cancer Cell

A

Benign->Malignant->Metastasis

43
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Tumor grows from single cancer cell

44
Q

Malignant Tumor (Cause and Effect)

A

Cause: Growth factor ignored. Effect: Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue

45
Q

Metastasis (Cause and Effect)

A

Cause: Cell ignores anchorage dependence. Effect: Cancer Cells spread to other parts of the body

46
Q

Signal Transduction (General)

A

Getting a message across the cell membrane

47
Q

Steps of Signal Transduction

A

Reception, Transduction, Response

48
Q

Signal Transduction: Reception

A

signal binds to receptor on membrane

49
Q

Signal Transduction: Transduction

A

Conversion of external signal to internal one, relay molecules chain reaction in signal transduction pathway

50
Q

Signal Transduction: Response

A

Cell Cycle Control Proteins activated and turn on cell cycle genes

51
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding a P from ATP to molecule/protein, process along relay molecules

52
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Non-cancer causing genes

53
Q

Oncogenes

A

cancer causing genes

54
Q

How can a proto-oncogene become an oncogene? (2 general)

A

Point mutations and Gene Amplification

55
Q

HER 2 and gene amplification

A

A normally healthy gene that stimulates cell division and antiapoptosis. Gene amplification causes excessive cell division and antiapoptosis.

56
Q

Herceptin

A

a smart bomb type receptor that blocks normal HER2 receptors by using a mimicking receptor

57
Q

Tumor Suppressor Proteins

A

Proteins that shut down cell division at checkpoints if conditions aren’t favorable

58
Q

Tumor Suppressor Proteins (3)

A

BRCA 1 and BRCA2 and P53

59
Q

BRCA 1 and 2 (checkpoint and function)

A

Work at G2, recognize breaks in DNA and bring in Ligase

60
Q

p53 (checkpoint and function)

A

works at G1, checks everything, master watchman, decides on repair of cell or apoptosis

61
Q

HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) (what it does)

A

has E6 proteins that give p53 proteins a ubiquitin tag.

62
Q

Methylation

A

Tumor Suppressor genes silenced by excessive methyl groups on gene

63
Q

Telomerase Activity and Cancer

A

Gives cells immortality by lengthening telomeres and letting cells pass the 40 Hayflick limit

64
Q

Methods of Cancer Treatment: RNAi

A

RNA Inhibition process creates RNA complementary antisense molecules to stop telomerase from translating

65
Q

Methods of Cancer Treatment: Traditional Chemotherapy

A

chemicals killing dividing cells

66
Q

Methods of Cancer Treatment: Taxol

A

Prevents mitosis by preventing kinetochore microtubules from shortening not allowing chromosomes to split

67
Q

Methods of Cancer Treatment: Radiation Therapy

A

damages DNA, kills cells

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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