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Biology 101 > Mitosis ,Cell Cycle, and Cancer > Flashcards

Mitosis ,Cell Cycle, and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis (Broad)

A

Division of Somatic Cells

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2
Q

Meiosis (Broad)

A

Division of Non-Somatic Cells: Production of Gametes

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3
Q

Division in Prokaryotes

A

Binary Fission

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4
Q

Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis

A

Mitosis= Division of nucleus, Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm

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5
Q

Functions of Mitosis(3)

A

Growth (embryo->now), Repair/Replacement, Asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Chromosomes constitute what % of Genes?

A

2%

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

Picture of all DNA chromosomes in the nucleus

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8
Q

Human Karyotype __ chromosomes, __ pairs

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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9
Q

Diploid (meaning and abbreviation)

A

Paired chromosomes, 2n

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10
Q

Haploid (meaning and abbreviation)

A

Full Set of Chromosomes, but no pairs: n

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11
Q

Human Abbreviation

A

2n= 46

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12
Q

Pre-Mitosis Procedure [2]

A

Each chromosome is replicated prior to mitosis (yarny), then the chromosomes condense

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13
Q

Pieces of a metaphase chromosome

A

Chromatids, Centromere, cohesins, Kinetochore

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14
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

a set of replicated chromosomes

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15
Q

Centromere

A

Central connection point of the two sister chromatids

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16
Q

Cohesins

A

Run the length of chromatids holding them together

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17
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein structure that surrounds the centromere, where microtubles will attach during Mitosis

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18
Q

Interphase

A

includes phases G0, G1, G2

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19
Q

G0 Phase

A

Cell receives signal to divide

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20
Q

G1 (3)

A

Cell growth, duplication of organelles, prepare for DNA replication

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21
Q

S Phase

A

DNA Synthesis, DNA replication

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22
Q

G2

A

More growth, Centrosomes appear

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23
Q

Centrosomes (MTOC)

A

MTOC Microtubule Organizing Center

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24
Q

Mitotic Phases (4-5 phases)

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

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25
Prophase (5)
Nuclear envelope disappears, Organelles degrade into vesicles, chromosomes condense, centrosomes migrate to opposite ends of cell, Mitotic Spindle forms to each chromosome
26
Metaphase (1)
Chromosomes align on cell equator
27
Anaphase (3 general)
Cohesins degrade and chromosomes split, pulled to opposite ends of cell, cell also elongates.
28
Telophase (5 opposite)
Nuclear envelope reappears, organelles come back, chromosomes decondense, centrosomes disappear, mitotic spindle breaks down
29
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow forms as dynamic MICROFILAMENTS of actin act as a belt
30
Checkpoints
critical points in cell cycle that are regulated, deciding if division should proceed or not
31
G1 Checkpoint (3)
is the growth factor present (are you allowed to divide), is cell big enough, is DNA undamaged?
32
G2 Checkpoint (1)
Is DNA replication complete?
33
Metaphase Checkpoint
are chromosomes connected to kinetochore MT's?
34
Apoptosis Cycle
Cell suicide pathway-> DNA degraded, cell blebs, remnants engulfed by other cells
35
Division Limits/Properties of Normal Cells (3)
Growth factors stimulate cells, Anchorage Dependence, and Density dependent inhibition
36
Growth Factors
molecules that stimulate cells to divide
37
Anchorage Dependence
Most cells will only divide when touching something
38
Density dependent inhibition
Cells will stop dividing at a critical density
39
Immortal Cells
Unregulated Cell Division without cell dying
40
HeLa Cells
immortal cell line used in scientific research
41
Tumor
Mass of Cells dividing uncontrollably
42
Stages/Levels of a Cancer Cell
Benign->Malignant->Metastasis
43
Benign Tumor
Tumor grows from single cancer cell
44
Malignant Tumor (Cause and Effect)
Cause: Growth factor ignored. Effect: Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue
45
Metastasis (Cause and Effect)
Cause: Cell ignores anchorage dependence. Effect: Cancer Cells spread to other parts of the body
46
Signal Transduction (General)
Getting a message across the cell membrane
47
Steps of Signal Transduction
Reception, Transduction, Response
48
Signal Transduction: Reception
signal binds to receptor on membrane
49
Signal Transduction: Transduction
Conversion of external signal to internal one, relay molecules chain reaction in signal transduction pathway
50
Signal Transduction: Response
Cell Cycle Control Proteins activated and turn on cell cycle genes
51
Phosphorylation
Adding a P from ATP to molecule/protein, process along relay molecules
52
Proto-oncogenes
Non-cancer causing genes
53
Oncogenes
cancer causing genes
54
How can a proto-oncogene become an oncogene? (2 general)
Point mutations and Gene Amplification
55
HER 2 and gene amplification
A normally healthy gene that stimulates cell division and antiapoptosis. Gene amplification causes excessive cell division and antiapoptosis.
56
Herceptin
a smart bomb type receptor that blocks normal HER2 receptors by using a mimicking receptor
57
Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Proteins that shut down cell division at checkpoints if conditions aren't favorable
58
Tumor Suppressor Proteins (3)
BRCA 1 and BRCA2 and P53
59
BRCA 1 and 2 (checkpoint and function)
Work at G2, recognize breaks in DNA and bring in Ligase
60
p53 (checkpoint and function)
works at G1, checks everything, master watchman, decides on repair of cell or apoptosis
61
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) (what it does)
has E6 proteins that give p53 proteins a ubiquitin tag.
62
Methylation
Tumor Suppressor genes silenced by excessive methyl groups on gene
63
Telomerase Activity and Cancer
Gives cells immortality by lengthening telomeres and letting cells pass the 40 Hayflick limit
64
Methods of Cancer Treatment: RNAi
RNA Inhibition process creates RNA complementary antisense molecules to stop telomerase from translating
65
Methods of Cancer Treatment: Traditional Chemotherapy
chemicals killing dividing cells
66
Methods of Cancer Treatment: Taxol
Prevents mitosis by preventing kinetochore microtubules from shortening not allowing chromosomes to split
67
Methods of Cancer Treatment: Radiation Therapy
damages DNA, kills cells

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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