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Biology 101 > Meiosis, Genetics, Cellular Respiration, Digestion I > Flashcards

Meiosis, Genetics, Cellular Respiration, Digestion I Flashcards

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1
Q

Meiosis: General

A

Sexual reproduction, offspring not identical to parent cells

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2
Q

Sexual Lifecycle(3)

A

Gamete formation, Fertilization, Growth

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3
Q

Meiosis Division Details (h/d)

A

2n diploid cell turns into 4 haploid cells

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4
Q
A

1) Homologous
2) 2
3) Sister chromatids

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5
Q

Alleles

A

Same gene, but different versions

e.g: Gene for coat color

Brown allele and White allele

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6
Q

Meiosis and Mitosis:

a) both go through the cell cycle more than once
b) Both have the same cell cycle
c) Mitosis goes through the cycle many times, Meiosis once
d) Meiosis goes through the cycle many times, Mitosis once

A

B and C are correct

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7
Q

Prophase I

A

1) Chromosomes Condense
2) Nuclear Envelope Fragments
3) Centrosomes Migrate
4) Meiotic Spindle Forms
5) Synapsis- Pairing of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

Protein Lattice between homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

Crossing Over

A

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids (during synapsis)

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11
Q

Recombinant Chromatids

A

Alleles that are crossed over

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12
Q

Non recombinant chromatids

A

alleles that do not cross over

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13
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous Pairs align on metaphase plate via RANDOM alignment

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14
Q

Anaphase I

A

1) Kinetochore Microtubules shorten
2) Synaptonemal Complex degrades
3) Homologous chromosomes pulled to opposite sides
4) Sister Chromatids still attached
5) Non kinetochore MT’s lengthen, cell stretches

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15
Q

Telophase I

A

Each half of cell has complete 1n set of chromosomes, another division occurs with NO DNA replication.

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16
Q

Phase II’s

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase—> endng in 4 haploid daugher cells

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17
Q

Nondisjunction

A

homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I, or sister chromatids in Meiosis II don’t separate

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18
Q

Aneuploid

A

neither diploid nor haploid cells

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19
Q

Nondisjunction at Meiosis I

A

Chromosomes don’t separate, all cells become aneuploid

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20
Q

Nondisjunction at Meiosis II

A

Sister Chromatids won’t separate, causing some cells to become aneuploid, and some remain normal

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21
Q

2n+1 Zygote (other name)

A

Trisomy, 3 copies of chromosomes

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22
Q

Trisomy chances ___ with maternal age.

a) increases
b) decreases
c) stay the same

A

A (increase)

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23
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome= overexpression of genes on chromosome 21

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24
Q

Blending Hypothesis

A

Offspring inherit intermediate phenotypes from each parent.

25
Q

Particulate Hypothesis

A

Offspring inherit discreet units of traits from their parents

26
Q

True Breeding

A

Homozygous dominant

27
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

Genetic orientation vs. physical observed orientation

28
Q

“Wild Type” allele

A

Dominant Allele

29
Q

Dominant Alleles

A

do not mean common

30
Q

A Reccessive Trait on a Pedigree tree is obvious when…

A

2 parents don’t have a trait, but offspring do

31
Q

A Dominant Trait on a Pedigree is obvious when…

A

Every person with a trait has a parent with that trait

32
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

When a heterozygous phenotype exhibits an intermediate between 2 homozygous phenotypes

33
Q

CoDominance

A

Heterozygote shows soe aspect of the phenotype of both heterozygotes

34
Q

Types of Blood

A

Type A: AA, AO

Type B: BB, BO

Type AB: AB

Type O: OO

35
Q

Blood Allele Dynamics

A

A is dominant to O

B is dominant to O

A and B are codominant.

36
Q

Epigenetics (2 examples)

A

Any process that alters gene activity without changing DNA sequence

  1. ) Methlylation of DNA turning off genes
  2. ) Acetylation of histone tails loosening DNA packaging, causing overexpression
37
Q

Cellular Respiration Formula

A

C6H12O6 +6O2->6CO2+H2O

38
Q

Phosphorylation Formula

A

ADP +P -> ATP

39
Q

Cellular Respiration Stages (3 +1)

A

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Processing, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

40
Q

Glycolysis

Consists of the ____phase and the ____phase. During this first phase, ____(#) ATP used. During the second phase, the glucose is split into __(#) ___ molecules and ____(#) ATP molecules are formed, resulting in a Glycolysis net formation of _____ATP and ____ NADH.

A

Energy investment phase & Energy payoff phase

2 ATP used

Glucose split into 2 pyruvate molecules and _2 _ATP molecules formed. Net formation of _4 _ATP and 2 NADH.

41
Q

Glycolysis is performed via ____ phosphorylation.

A

Substrate Level

42
Q

Pyruvate Processing occurs _____ (location)

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

43
Q

Pyruvate Processing

Pyruvate is a __ carbon chain. __ Carbons are turned into ___, and one carbon is turned into ___. This processing also produces one ___.

A

3; 2; Acetyl CoA; CO2; NADH

44
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

Every glucose molecule has split into 2 pyruvate molecules and hence 2 Acetyl CoA molecules. **EACH **Acetyl CoA molecule creates __CO2’s, __ NADH’s, __FADH2’s, and __ ATP’s.

A

2 CO2

3 NADH

2 FADH2

1 ATP

45
Q

Glycolysis——>Citric Acid Cycle has made ATP only through _____

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

46
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation is achieved by:

A

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

47
Q

Electron Transport Chain

Located in the ___ on special surfaces called ____.

A

inter membrane; cristae

48
Q

Electron Transport Chain

Electrons are bounced from protein to proteins called ____. Each protein has increasing electron affinity until the chain ends at ____. The energy absorbed by the proteins are used to _______.

A

Carriers

Oxygen

“Proton Pump” protons against gradient into the intermembrane space.

49
Q

At the end of the electron transport chain, there is a protein called ______ which converts ADP to ATP by the process of ______ which uses energy stored in the form of the proton gradient.

A

ATP Synthase

Chemiosmosis

50
Q

Fermentation

A

ATP produced via Substrate Level phosphorylation in Glycolysis without Oxygen.

51
Q

Fermentation in animals produce ____. In yeast it produces ____.

A

Lactic Acid, Ethanol

52
Q

The Digestive System has 2 stages, _____ and _____. In the second stage, there are 2 types: _____ and _____

A

Ingestion

Digestion: Mechanical and Chemical

53
Q

Path of Food Consumption: Mouth Oral Cavity

Contains a chemical called ____ which contains amylase which can break down ____. It also contains _____ which can break down lipids. Mucus also exists here that helps makes food into a ____.

A

Saliva

starch

lingual lipase

bolus

54
Q

How can we eat upside down?

A

Muscles move in waves. This motion is called peristalsis.

55
Q

The stomach is used for storage, and can perform mechanical digestion by ____. Chemical digestion occurs from _____ juice that can digest ____ specifically.

A

Churning

Gastric

proteins

56
Q

The Gastric Pit

Contains specialized epithelial cells. ______ release H+ and Cl-, Chief cells make inactive pepsin called ____. Once the HCl activates this inactive pepsin, the pepsin can activate more inactive pepsin. This is called ______ _______.

A

Parietal Cells

Pepsinogen

Positive Feedback

57
Q

Why aren’t our stomachs destroyed by gastric juice?

A

We don’t constantly have a strong acid soln in our stomachs

Mucus secretions are protective

Rapid stomach mitosis

58
Q

The end product of stomachs is a mixture called ____. It leaves the stomach through a ____ which squirts the mixture into the _____ section of the _____,

A

Acid chyme

Sphincter

duodenum

small intestine

59
Q
A

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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