Meiosis, Genetics, Cellular Respiration, Digestion I

Question 1

Meiosis: General

Answer 1

Sexual reproduction, offspring not identical to parent cells

Question 2

Sexual Lifecycle(3)

Answer 2

Gamete formation, Fertilization, Growth

Question 3

Meiosis Division Details (h/d)

Answer 3

2n diploid cell turns into 4 haploid cells

Question 4

Answer 4

1) Homologous
2) 2
3) Sister chromatids

Question 5

Alleles

Answer 5

Same gene, but different versions

e.g: Gene for coat color

Brown allele and White allele

Question 6

Meiosis and Mitosis:

a) both go through the cell cycle more than once
b) Both have the same cell cycle
c) Mitosis goes through the cycle many times, Meiosis once
d) Meiosis goes through the cycle many times, Mitosis once

Answer 6

B and C are correct

Question 7

Prophase I

Answer 7

1) Chromosomes Condense
2) Nuclear Envelope Fragments
3) Centrosomes Migrate
4) Meiotic Spindle Forms
5) Synapsis- Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Question 8

Synapsis

Answer 8

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Question 9

Synaptonemal Complex

Answer 9

Protein Lattice between homologous chromosomes

Question 10

Crossing Over

Answer 10

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids (during synapsis)

Question 11

Recombinant Chromatids

Answer 11

Alleles that are crossed over

Question 12

Non recombinant chromatids

Answer 12

alleles that do not cross over

Question 13

Metaphase I

Answer 13

Homologous Pairs align on metaphase plate via RANDOM alignment

Question 14

Anaphase I

Answer 14

1) Kinetochore Microtubules shorten
2) Synaptonemal Complex degrades
3) Homologous chromosomes pulled to opposite sides
4) Sister Chromatids still attached
5) Non kinetochore MT’s lengthen, cell stretches

Question 15

Telophase I

Answer 15

Each half of cell has complete 1n set of chromosomes, another division occurs with NO DNA replication.

Question 16

Phase II’s

Answer 16

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase—> endng in 4 haploid daugher cells

Question 17

Nondisjunction

Answer 17

homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I, or sister chromatids in Meiosis II don’t separate

Question 18

Aneuploid

Answer 18

neither diploid nor haploid cells

Question 19

Nondisjunction at Meiosis I

Answer 19

Chromosomes don’t separate, all cells become aneuploid

Question 20

Nondisjunction at Meiosis II

Answer 20

Sister Chromatids won’t separate, causing some cells to become aneuploid, and some remain normal

Question 21

2n+1 Zygote (other name)

Answer 21

Trisomy, 3 copies of chromosomes

Question 22

Trisomy chances ___ with maternal age.

a) increases
b) decreases
c) stay the same

Answer 22

A (increase)

Question 23

Trisomy 21

Answer 23

Down Syndrome= overexpression of genes on chromosome 21

Question 24

Blending Hypothesis

Answer 24

Offspring inherit intermediate phenotypes from each parent.

Question 25

Particulate Hypothesis

Answer 25

Offspring inherit discreet units of traits from their parents

Question 26

True Breeding

Answer 26

Homozygous dominant

Question 27

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Answer 27

Genetic orientation vs. physical observed orientation

Question 28

"Wild Type" allele

Answer 28

Dominant Allele

Question 29

Dominant Alleles

Answer 29

do not mean common

Question 30

A Reccessive Trait on a Pedigree tree is obvious when...

Answer 30

2 parents don't have a trait, but offspring do

Question 31

A Dominant Trait on a Pedigree is obvious when...

Answer 31

Every person with a trait has a parent with that trait

Question 32

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 32

When a heterozygous phenotype exhibits an intermediate between 2 homozygous phenotypes

Question 33

CoDominance

Answer 33

Heterozygote shows soe aspect of the phenotype of both heterozygotes

Question 34

Types of Blood

Answer 34

Type A: AA, AO Type B: BB, BO Type AB: AB Type O: OO

Question 35

Blood Allele Dynamics

Answer 35

A is dominant to O B is dominant to O A and B are codominant.

Question 36

Epigenetics (2 examples)

Answer 36

Any process that alters gene activity without changing DNA sequence 1. ) Methlylation of DNA turning off genes 2. ) Acetylation of histone tails loosening DNA packaging, causing overexpression

Question 37

Cellular Respiration Formula

Answer 37

C6H12O6 +6O2-\>6CO2+H2O

Question 38

Phosphorylation Formula

Answer 38

ADP +P -\> ATP

Question 39

Cellular Respiration Stages (3 +1)

Answer 39

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Processing, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Question 40

Glycolysis Consists of the \_\_\_\_phase and the \_\_\_\_phase. During this first phase, \_\_\_\_(#) ATP used. During the second phase, the glucose is split into \_\_(#) ___ molecules and \_\_\_\_(#) ATP molecules are formed, resulting in a Glycolysis net formation of \_\_\_\_\_ATP and ____ NADH.

Answer 40

_Energy investment phase_ & _Energy payoff phase_ _2_ ATP used Glucose split into _2 pyruvate molecules_ and _2 _ATP molecules formed. Net formation of _4 _ATP and _2_ NADH.

Question 41

Glycolysis is performed via ____ phosphorylation.

Answer 41

Substrate Level

Question 42

Pyruvate Processing occurs _____ (location)

Answer 42

In the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 43

Pyruvate Processing Pyruvate is a __ carbon chain. \_\_ Carbons are turned into \_\_\_, and one carbon is turned into \_\_\_. This processing also produces one \_\_\_.

Answer 43

3; 2; Acetyl CoA; CO2; NADH

Question 44

Citric Acid Cycle Every glucose molecule has split into 2 pyruvate molecules and hence 2 Acetyl CoA molecules. **EACH **Acetyl CoA molecule creates \_\_CO2's, __ NADH's, \_\_FADH2's, and __ ATP's.

Answer 44

2 CO2 3 NADH 2 FADH2 1 ATP

Question 45

Glycolysis------\>Citric Acid Cycle has made ATP only through \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 46

Oxidative Phosphorylation is achieved by:

Answer 46

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

Question 47

Electron Transport Chain Located in the ___ on special surfaces called \_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

inter membrane; cristae

Question 48

Electron Transport Chain Electrons are bounced from protein to proteins called \_\_\_\_. Each protein has increasing electron affinity until the chain ends at \_\_\_\_. The energy absorbed by the proteins are used to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 48

Carriers Oxygen "Proton Pump" protons against gradient into the intermembrane space.

Question 49

At the end of the electron transport chain, there is a protein called ______ which converts ADP to ATP by the process of ______ which uses energy stored in the form of the proton gradient.

Answer 49

ATP Synthase Chemiosmosis

Question 50

Fermentation

Answer 50

ATP produced via Substrate Level phosphorylation in Glycolysis without Oxygen.

Question 51

Fermentation in animals produce \_\_\_\_. In yeast it produces \_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

Lactic Acid, Ethanol

Question 52

The Digestive System has 2 stages, _____ and \_\_\_\_\_. In the second stage, there are 2 types: _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 52

Ingestion Digestion: Mechanical and Chemical

Question 53

Path of Food Consumption: Mouth Oral Cavity Contains a chemical called ____ which contains amylase which can break down \_\_\_\_. It also contains _____ which can break down lipids. Mucus also exists here that helps makes food into a \_\_\_\_.

Answer 53

Saliva starch lingual lipase bolus

Question 54

How can we eat upside down?

Answer 54

Muscles move in waves. This motion is called peristalsis.

Question 55

The stomach is used for storage, and can perform mechanical digestion by \_\_\_\_. Chemical digestion occurs from _____ juice that can digest ____ specifically.

Answer 55

Churning Gastric proteins

Question 56

The Gastric Pit Contains specialized epithelial cells. \_\_\_\_\_\_ release H+ and Cl-, Chief cells make inactive pepsin called \_\_\_\_. Once the HCl activates this inactive pepsin, the pepsin can activate more inactive pepsin. This is called ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 56

Parietal Cells Pepsinogen Positive Feedback

Question 57

Why aren't our stomachs destroyed by gastric juice?

Answer 57

We don't constantly have a strong acid soln in our stomachs Mucus secretions are protective Rapid stomach mitosis

Question 58

The end product of stomachs is a mixture called \_\_\_\_. It leaves the stomach through a ____ which squirts the mixture into the _____ section of the \_\_\_\_\_,

Answer 58

Acid chyme Sphincter duodenum small intestine