Meiosis, Genetics, Cellular Respiration, Digestion I Flashcards
Meiosis: General
Sexual reproduction, offspring not identical to parent cells
Sexual Lifecycle(3)
Gamete formation, Fertilization, Growth
Meiosis Division Details (h/d)
2n diploid cell turns into 4 haploid cells
1) Homologous
2) 2
3) Sister chromatids
Alleles
Same gene, but different versions
e.g: Gene for coat color
Brown allele and White allele
Meiosis and Mitosis:
a) both go through the cell cycle more than once
b) Both have the same cell cycle
c) Mitosis goes through the cycle many times, Meiosis once
d) Meiosis goes through the cycle many times, Mitosis once
B and C are correct
Prophase I
1) Chromosomes Condense
2) Nuclear Envelope Fragments
3) Centrosomes Migrate
4) Meiotic Spindle Forms
5) Synapsis- Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Synaptonemal Complex
Protein Lattice between homologous chromosomes
Crossing Over
Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids (during synapsis)
Recombinant Chromatids
Alleles that are crossed over
Non recombinant chromatids
alleles that do not cross over
Metaphase I
Homologous Pairs align on metaphase plate via RANDOM alignment
Anaphase I
1) Kinetochore Microtubules shorten
2) Synaptonemal Complex degrades
3) Homologous chromosomes pulled to opposite sides
4) Sister Chromatids still attached
5) Non kinetochore MT’s lengthen, cell stretches
Telophase I
Each half of cell has complete 1n set of chromosomes, another division occurs with NO DNA replication.
Phase II’s
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase—> endng in 4 haploid daugher cells
Nondisjunction
homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I, or sister chromatids in Meiosis II don’t separate
Aneuploid
neither diploid nor haploid cells
Nondisjunction at Meiosis I
Chromosomes don’t separate, all cells become aneuploid
Nondisjunction at Meiosis II
Sister Chromatids won’t separate, causing some cells to become aneuploid, and some remain normal
2n+1 Zygote (other name)
Trisomy, 3 copies of chromosomes
Trisomy chances ___ with maternal age.
a) increases
b) decreases
c) stay the same
A (increase)
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome= overexpression of genes on chromosome 21
Blending Hypothesis
Offspring inherit intermediate phenotypes from each parent.
Particulate Hypothesis
Offspring inherit discreet units of traits from their parents
True Breeding
Homozygous dominant
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genetic orientation vs. physical observed orientation
“Wild Type” allele
Dominant Allele
Dominant Alleles
do not mean common
A Reccessive Trait on a Pedigree tree is obvious when…
2 parents don’t have a trait, but offspring do
A Dominant Trait on a Pedigree is obvious when…
Every person with a trait has a parent with that trait
Incomplete Dominance
When a heterozygous phenotype exhibits an intermediate between 2 homozygous phenotypes
CoDominance
Heterozygote shows soe aspect of the phenotype of both heterozygotes
Types of Blood
Type A: AA, AO
Type B: BB, BO
Type AB: AB
Type O: OO
Blood Allele Dynamics
A is dominant to O
B is dominant to O
A and B are codominant.
Epigenetics (2 examples)
Any process that alters gene activity without changing DNA sequence
- ) Methlylation of DNA turning off genes
- ) Acetylation of histone tails loosening DNA packaging, causing overexpression
Cellular Respiration Formula
C6H12O6 +6O2->6CO2+H2O
Phosphorylation Formula
ADP +P -> ATP
Cellular Respiration Stages (3 +1)
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Processing, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Consists of the ____phase and the ____phase. During this first phase, ____(#) ATP used. During the second phase, the glucose is split into __(#) ___ molecules and ____(#) ATP molecules are formed, resulting in a Glycolysis net formation of _____ATP and ____ NADH.
Energy investment phase & Energy payoff phase
2 ATP used
Glucose split into 2 pyruvate molecules and _2 _ATP molecules formed. Net formation of _4 _ATP and 2 NADH.
Glycolysis is performed via ____ phosphorylation.
Substrate Level
Pyruvate Processing occurs _____ (location)
In the mitochondrial matrix.
Pyruvate Processing
Pyruvate is a __ carbon chain. __ Carbons are turned into ___, and one carbon is turned into ___. This processing also produces one ___.
3; 2; Acetyl CoA; CO2; NADH
Citric Acid Cycle
Every glucose molecule has split into 2 pyruvate molecules and hence 2 Acetyl CoA molecules. **EACH **Acetyl CoA molecule creates __CO2’s, __ NADH’s, __FADH2’s, and __ ATP’s.
2 CO2
3 NADH
2 FADH2
1 ATP
Glycolysis——>Citric Acid Cycle has made ATP only through _____
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation is achieved by:
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
Electron Transport Chain
Located in the ___ on special surfaces called ____.
inter membrane; cristae
Electron Transport Chain
Electrons are bounced from protein to proteins called ____. Each protein has increasing electron affinity until the chain ends at ____. The energy absorbed by the proteins are used to _______.
Carriers
Oxygen
“Proton Pump” protons against gradient into the intermembrane space.
At the end of the electron transport chain, there is a protein called ______ which converts ADP to ATP by the process of ______ which uses energy stored in the form of the proton gradient.
ATP Synthase
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
ATP produced via Substrate Level phosphorylation in Glycolysis without Oxygen.
Fermentation in animals produce ____. In yeast it produces ____.
Lactic Acid, Ethanol
The Digestive System has 2 stages, _____ and _____. In the second stage, there are 2 types: _____ and _____
Ingestion
Digestion: Mechanical and Chemical
Path of Food Consumption: Mouth Oral Cavity
Contains a chemical called ____ which contains amylase which can break down ____. It also contains _____ which can break down lipids. Mucus also exists here that helps makes food into a ____.
Saliva
starch
lingual lipase
bolus
How can we eat upside down?
Muscles move in waves. This motion is called peristalsis.
The stomach is used for storage, and can perform mechanical digestion by ____. Chemical digestion occurs from _____ juice that can digest ____ specifically.
Churning
Gastric
proteins
The Gastric Pit
Contains specialized epithelial cells. ______ release H+ and Cl-, Chief cells make inactive pepsin called ____. Once the HCl activates this inactive pepsin, the pepsin can activate more inactive pepsin. This is called ______ _______.
Parietal Cells
Pepsinogen
Positive Feedback
Why aren’t our stomachs destroyed by gastric juice?
We don’t constantly have a strong acid soln in our stomachs
Mucus secretions are protective
Rapid stomach mitosis
The end product of stomachs is a mixture called ____. It leaves the stomach through a ____ which squirts the mixture into the _____ section of the _____,
Acid chyme
Sphincter
duodenum
small intestine
