Digestion II, Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
Beginning of Small Intestine is called
Duodenum
Pancreatic Enzymes
Bicarbonate, Amylase, Protease, nuclease, lipase
Pancreatic Bicarbonate Function
reduces acid chyme acidity
Pancreatic Amylase
breaks down carbohydrates
Pancreatic Protease
breaks down proteins such as trypsin and chymotripsin
Pancreatic Nuclease
breaks down nucleic acids
Pancreatic Lipase
breaks down fats
Bile: Function
bile salts emulsify fats by breaking down fat globules into smaller chunks, creating larger surface area for lipase to act on
Where is bile made, and where is it stored?
Made: Liver; Stored: gall bladder
Explain the actions in the villus
thin epithelial cells have microvilli on the food side, Food diffuses through into either bloodstream capillaries, or lacteals which connect to the lymphatic system
Functions of Large Intestine
Reabsorption of water, creation of feces
What is the large intestine’s secret weapon?
Microbiome!
Intestinal Adaptations: Herbivores
Longer small intestine for more cellulose digestion, Cecum for anaerobic chamber, can eat their feces
Ruminants
contain specialized digestive chamber called Rumen that digests cellulose
What is the path of food in Ruminants?
Food-Mouth-Rumen-Mouth-Normal System
What two special organs do birds have that help with maximal absorption of nutrients from food?
Crop- extra food storage, gizzard, rocks mechanical digestion
Basic Respiration Path
Respiratory Medium–Exchange on respiratory surface down pressure gradient–Cells–exchange surface–Respiratory Medium
Features of a good respiratory surface
thin, high surface area, moist, has contact with circulatory system (usually)
Why is exchange with water harder than air?
Water has less oxygen, diffuses more slowly, and water is more dense and viscous requiring more energy for movement
Ventilation mechanisms
any way an organism gets their respiratory medium over their respiratory surface
Fish ventilation mechanism
one way flow– counter current exchange
Human ventilation mechanism
2 way flow
Tracheal system
air–spiracles–trachea–every cell in body
Flow of air in humans
air–mouth–trachea–bronchi–bronchioles–alveoli–capillaries–bloodstream
Surfactant function in alveoli
reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli to bulb up
Negative Pressure Breathing
we pull air into our lungs
How do we obtain negative pressure breathing?
we contract our diaphragm muscles which increase the volume of our thoracic cavity. This decreases pressure in cavity, which causes external air to be pulled into our lungs.
What is the name of our gas exchange mechanism?
Tidal Flow
Tidal Flow
2 way flow of inhalation and exhalation
Negative pieces of tidal flow
exchange does not occur across the entire surface of alveoli, and we mix fresh and dead air because we can’t exhale all of the dead air.
Residual volume
remaining dead air after exhalation
Bird ventilation mechanism
Cross current exchange through parabronchi
Ranking of Ventilation mechanisms
- ) Counter Current Exchange
- ) Cross Current Exchange
- ) Tidal Exchange
Universal properties of a Circulatory System
Circulating fluid (blood or hemolymph), Set of tubes, Muscular pump
Open Circulatory System
Heart pumps and mixes hemolymph, which bathes all organs directly
Closed Circulatory System
Cells surrounded by capillaries and interstitial fluid.
Artery
Away from heart
Vein
to heart
Systemic Capillaries
Capillaries that are not involved with the lungs
Plasma
Liquid part of blood
Blood elements
Red blood cells for O2 and CO2 transport, White blood cells for defense and immunity, and platelets for clotting
Creation of a red blood cell
Develop in stem cells of bone marrow, lose nuclei, mitochondria, and nonessential organelles, then becomes filled with hemoglobin
Respiratory Pigments
chemicals that allow great Oxygen carrying capacity
Hemoglobin Structure
4 parts, 2 alpha, 2 beta. Can carry 4 oxygen, each section has a heme and an iron section
O2 binds to Hb reversibly
can attach and detach to O2 easily
Cooperativity in O2 binding
when 1 subunit binds or detaches from O2, all follow easily
CO2 transportation path
CO2 in cell–capillary wall–((blood plasma OR hemoglobin–capillary wall)–alveoli) OR Red blood cell–reaction with water to bicarbonate–blood cell plasma–capillary wall–alveoli
Myoglobin
intracellular O2 reservoir
