Digestion II, Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Beginning of Small Intestine is called

Answer 1

Duodenum

Question 2

Pancreatic Enzymes

Answer 2

Bicarbonate, Amylase, Protease, nuclease, lipase

Question 3

Pancreatic Bicarbonate Function

Answer 3

reduces acid chyme acidity

Question 4

Pancreatic Amylase

Answer 4

breaks down carbohydrates

Question 5

Pancreatic Protease

Answer 5

breaks down proteins such as trypsin and chymotripsin

Question 6

Pancreatic Nuclease

Answer 6

breaks down nucleic acids

Question 7

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 7

breaks down fats

Question 8

Bile: Function

Answer 8

bile salts emulsify fats by breaking down fat globules into smaller chunks, creating larger surface area for lipase to act on

Question 9

Where is bile made, and where is it stored?

Answer 9

Made: Liver; Stored: gall bladder

Question 10

Explain the actions in the villus

Answer 10

thin epithelial cells have microvilli on the food side, Food diffuses through into either bloodstream capillaries, or lacteals which connect to the lymphatic system

Question 11

Functions of Large Intestine

Answer 11

Reabsorption of water, creation of feces

Question 12

What is the large intestine’s secret weapon?

Answer 12

Microbiome!

Question 13

Intestinal Adaptations: Herbivores

Answer 13

Longer small intestine for more cellulose digestion, Cecum for anaerobic chamber, can eat their feces

Question 14

Ruminants

Answer 14

contain specialized digestive chamber called Rumen that digests cellulose

Question 15

What is the path of food in Ruminants?

Answer 15

Food-Mouth-Rumen-Mouth-Normal System

Question 16

What two special organs do birds have that help with maximal absorption of nutrients from food?

Answer 16

Crop- extra food storage, gizzard, rocks mechanical digestion

Question 17

Basic Respiration Path

Answer 17

Respiratory Medium–Exchange on respiratory surface down pressure gradient–Cells–exchange surface–Respiratory Medium

Question 18

Features of a good respiratory surface

Answer 18

thin, high surface area, moist, has contact with circulatory system (usually)

Question 19

Why is exchange with water harder than air?

Answer 19

Water has less oxygen, diffuses more slowly, and water is more dense and viscous requiring more energy for movement

Question 20

Ventilation mechanisms

Answer 20

any way an organism gets their respiratory medium over their respiratory surface

Question 21

Fish ventilation mechanism

Answer 21

one way flow– counter current exchange

Question 22

Human ventilation mechanism

Answer 22

2 way flow

Question 23

Tracheal system

Answer 23

air–spiracles–trachea–every cell in body

Question 24

Flow of air in humans

Answer 24

air–mouth–trachea–bronchi–bronchioles–alveoli–capillaries–bloodstream

Question 25

Surfactant function in alveoli

Answer 25

reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli to bulb up

Question 26

Negative Pressure Breathing

Answer 26

we pull air into our lungs

Question 27

How do we obtain negative pressure breathing?

Answer 27

we contract our diaphragm muscles which increase the volume of our thoracic cavity. This decreases pressure in cavity, which causes external air to be pulled into our lungs.

Question 28

What is the name of our gas exchange mechanism?

Answer 28

Tidal Flow

Question 29

Tidal Flow

Answer 29

2 way flow of inhalation and exhalation

Question 30

Negative pieces of tidal flow

Answer 30

exchange does not occur across the entire surface of alveoli, and we mix fresh and dead air because we can't exhale all of the dead air.

Question 31

Residual volume

Answer 31

remaining dead air after exhalation

Question 32

Bird ventilation mechanism

Answer 32

Cross current exchange through parabronchi

Question 33

Ranking of Ventilation mechanisms

Answer 33

1. ) Counter Current Exchange 2. ) Cross Current Exchange 3. ) Tidal Exchange

Question 34

Universal properties of a Circulatory System

Answer 34

Circulating fluid (blood or hemolymph), Set of tubes, Muscular pump

Question 35

Open Circulatory System

Answer 35

Heart pumps and mixes hemolymph, which bathes all organs directly

Question 36

Closed Circulatory System

Answer 36

Cells surrounded by capillaries and interstitial fluid.

Question 37

Artery

Answer 37

Away from heart

Question 38

Vein

Answer 38

to heart

Question 39

Systemic Capillaries

Answer 39

Capillaries that are not involved with the lungs

Question 40

Plasma

Answer 40

Liquid part of blood

Question 41

Blood elements

Answer 41

Red blood cells for O2 and CO2 transport, White blood cells for defense and immunity, and platelets for clotting

Question 42

Creation of a red blood cell

Answer 42

Develop in stem cells of bone marrow, lose nuclei, mitochondria, and nonessential organelles, then becomes filled with hemoglobin

Question 43

Respiratory Pigments

Answer 43

chemicals that allow great Oxygen carrying capacity

Question 44

Hemoglobin Structure

Answer 44

4 parts, 2 alpha, 2 beta. Can carry 4 oxygen, each section has a heme and an iron section

Question 45

O2 binds to Hb reversibly

Answer 45

can attach and detach to O2 easily

Question 46

Cooperativity in O2 binding

Answer 46

when 1 subunit binds or detaches from O2, all follow easily

Question 47

CO2 transportation path

Answer 47

CO2 in cell--capillary wall--((blood plasma OR hemoglobin--capillary wall)--alveoli) OR Red blood cell--reaction with water to bicarbonate--blood cell plasma--capillary wall--alveoli

Question 48

Myoglobin

Answer 48

intracellular O2 reservoir