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Biology 101 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Differences between Endocrine and Nervous System: Endocrine

A

slower, longer effect, long distance communication

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2
Q

Differences between Endocrine and Nervous System: Nervous

A

rapid, short term, short distance communication

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3
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers released into bloodstream that act on distant target cells

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4
Q

Pheromones

A

mark food trails and territory, predators, and mates

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5
Q

Target cells(what and location)

A

contain receptors for specific hormones can be located in the plasma membrane or inside cell

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6
Q

Secretin

A

hormone released by S cells of duodenum to go to the pancreas to signal release of bicarbonate

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7
Q

Polypeptides

A

Water Soluble (hydrophilic)

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8
Q

Steroids

A

Lipid soluble (hydrophobic)

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9
Q

Amines

A

Most are water soluble, but some are not

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10
Q

Water soluble hormones act on _____ because….

A

Water soluble hormones act on membrane proteins because they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer.

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11
Q

Lipid soluble hormones act on ____. They reach them by….

A

Lipid soluble hormones act on intracellular proteins. They cannot move well through the bloodstream without transport proteins, but they can easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

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12
Q

The function of a hormone depends on…

A

which receptor it binds to.

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13
Q

Epinephrine going to a Beta cell

A

dilation of blood vessels

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14
Q

Epinephrine going to an Alpha cell

A

constriction of blood vessels

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15
Q

Neurosecretory Cells

A

Release neurohormones from hypothalamus to bloodstream of the posterior section of the pituitary gland.

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

receives signals from neurons in brain and appropriates the correct endocrine response

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17
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

direct extension of the hypothalamus

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18
Q

Peptide Hormones Produced and Sent to Posterior Pituitary

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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19
Q

ADH Phys/Behavioral

A

acts on kidneys to reduce water loss in urine. Helps in creation of pair bonds

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20
Q

Oxytocin Phys/Behavioral

A

acts on mammary glands and uterine muscles after receiving stimulus of suckling in order to release milk. Behaviorally stimulates maternal care.

21
Q

Anterior Pituitary receives signals by…

A

Neurohormones (releasing hormones) from hypothalamus enter portal beings and trigger the release of AT hormones.

22
Q

Tropic Hormones (& examples)

A

Indirect; regulates functions of other endocrine glands/cells. (FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH)

23
Q

Non-tropic hormones (& examples)

A

Directly acts on target cells. (Prolactin, MSH, GH)

24
Q

The Story of the Thyroid Gland (1/3)

A

The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin (TRH) into the anterior pituitary gland.

25
Q

The Story of the Thyroid Gland (2/3)

A

The anterior pituitary gland releases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) to the thyroid gland.

26
Q

The Story of the Thyroid Gland (3/3)

A

The thyroid gland itself releases T3 and T4 to body cells to increase metabolism and increase body heat.

27
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid overreacts, and causes increased temperature, and decreased weight and decreased laziness.

28
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

The thyroid does not function as much as it should, causing a lowering of body temperature, increased weight, and increased laziness.

29
Q

Graves Disease

A

autoimmune disease that continually stimulates TSH, case of hyperthyroidism

30
Q

Goiter

A

increased T3 and T4 production, thyroid may increase in size.

31
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

controls pigment distribution in amphibians, and for mammals, both that and hunger/metabolism.

32
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose levels?

A

It activates GLUT 4 transporters in cells so glucose can enter cell.

33
Q

The adrenal gland consists of 2 parts

A

the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

34
Q

The adrenal cortex produces: (kind of hormones and type of stress)

A

STEROID hormones glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids LONG term stress

35
Q

The adrenal medulla produces: (Kind of hormones and type of stress)

A

AMINE hormones including epinephrine and norepinephrine SHORT term stress

36
Q

Long Term Stress Pathway (1/3)

A

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) through portal veins to anterior pituitary

37
Q

Long Term Stress Pathway (2/3)

A

Anterior Pituitary releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) to adrenal cortex

38
Q

Long Term Stress Pathway (3/3)

A

Adrenal Cortex releases mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

39
Q

Effects of mineral corticoids: e.g: ____(2 functions)

A

aldosterone: retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys, increase in blood pressure and volume

40
Q

Effects of glucocorticoids: e.g: ____(2 functions)

A

Cortisol: suppression of immune system and increase in blood glucose levels

41
Q

Short term stress controlled by

A

adrenal medulla activated by the amines and nerve signals. Epinephrine and non epinephrine stimulate the sympathetic response.

42
Q

3 Categories of sex hormones

A

Androgens (testosterone), Estrogens, Progestins (progesterone)

43
Q

Synthesis of sex hormones controlled by:

A

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

44
Q

The Story of Sex Hormones (1/3)

A

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus receive signal to release Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

45
Q

The Story of Sex Hormones (2/3)

A

Anterior pituitary releases Lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone (LH and FSH)

46
Q

The Story of Sex Hormones (3/3)

A

Gonads produce and release estradiol/progesterone from ovaries, or testes release testosterone

47
Q

Arnold Adolph Berthold Experiment

A

Chicks’ secondary characteristics rely on which gonads they have, even if transplanted.

48
Q

Alfred Jost Experiment

A

Embryonic gonad removal defaults to the female form.

49
Q

Growth Hormone

A

plays important role in bone development

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