Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 101 > Evolution and Natural Selection > Flashcards

Evolution and Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Historical Figures: Hutton

A

introduced ideas of gradualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Historical Figures: Cuvier

A

Discusses fossils and extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Historical Figures: Lyell

A

gradualism and uniformic change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Historical Figures: Linnaeus

A

Classification scheme: binomial nomenclature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Historical Figures: Lamark

A

Gave a mechanism for species change over time: a change in an animal during its lifetime can be passed down to its offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Historical Figures: Malthus

A

Was an economist trying to answer: Why do people suffer?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Historical Figures: Malthus’ view

A

suffering occurs because populations have the potential of exponential reproduction which leads to resource expenditure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Historical Figures: Darwin and _____

A

Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 Things that Wallace and Darwin noticed: 1

A

1) For any given current species, there are many different other species and fossils of past species that resemble that current species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 Things that Wallace and Darwin noticed: 2

A

2) There are Geographical Gradients of change in species. E.g: Island species resemble their mainland counterparts, but are slightly different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 Things that Wallace and Darwin noticed: 3

A

3) Organisms have traits to match their environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adaptations:

A

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Darwin’s 2 Key Points. (1)

A

There exists descent with modification: Species today are ancestral species that have changed in time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Darwin’s 2 Key points. (2)

A

Changes in time occur by the mechanism of Natural Selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (1)

A

1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (2)

A

2) The individual traits in a population are heritable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (3)

A

3) Organisms are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support (malthus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (4)

A

4) Many offspring do not survive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 Inferences of Natural Selection: (1)

A

1)Individuals that are well suited to their environments tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 Inferences of Natural Selection: (2)

A

2) Over time, favorable traits will accumulate in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Artificial Selection

A

We can control some selections and see the results.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Direct observations of evolutionary change

A

Self explanatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Fossil Record

A

Self explanatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Homology

A

Finding similar physiological traits in animals that do not seem similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Biogeography
Geographic distribution of species
26
Give three types of Homology
Vestigial Structures: old remnant structures with no apparent use, Embryological homology, and molecular homology.
27
Endemic Species
Species that are only found in one location
28
Definition of Microevolution
Change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.
29
Definition of Population
Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
30
Give 2 reasons why variation is important:
Variation is the raw material for evolution, and an environment is unlikely to be constant
31
Gene Pool
All the alleles in a population
32
Polymorphism
There are 2 or more versions of a trait in a population.
33
What creates genetic variation? (2)
Mutation or chromosome level events, and sexual reproduction.
34
Basic list of what drives change in genetic variation: (4)
Mutation, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection
35
Genetic Drift: Due to _____ change events, tends to _____ genetic variation in a population. Especially crucial in _____ populations.
Genetic Drift: Due to RANDOM change events, tends to DECREASE genetic variation in a population. Especially crucial in SMALL populations.
36
Genetic Drift: Can be achieved via the ____ effect, and the ____ effect.
Genetic Drift: Can be achieved via the FOUNDER effect and the BOTTLENECK effect.
37
Genetic Drift: Founder Effect
Formation of a new population which could be changing allele frequency.
38
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect
If many die, then by chance, allele frequency of the surviving population could change.
39
Gene Flow
Change in allele frequency due to immigration/input of gametes from other populations.
40
Gene Flow tends to ___ genetic variation. WHY?
Gene flow tends to reduce genetic variation. This is because AMONG populations, the sharing of genes decreases differences.
41
Natural Selection is the only process that has consistently ___ effects.
Natural Selection is the only process that has consistently POSITIVE effects.
42
Directional Selection
Selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic ratio.
43
Disruptive/Diversifying Selection
Selection favors individuals on extreme ends on phenotypic ratio.
44
Stabilizing Selection
Selection favors the intermediate phenotypes.
45
Why are we concerned about small populations?
Small populations can experience greater drift than natural selection.
46
In a small population, a ____ allele is just as likely to go to the next generation as a good allele, because
Natural selection is not fast enough to account for random drift.
47
In a small population, the decrease of fitness in a population has _____ feedback.
Positive
48
Overall, passing genes is (more/less) important than survival.
More
49
Intrasexual Selection
Competition (antlers)
50
Intersexual Selection
need to be attractive to opposite sex
51
Sexual Dimorphism
Differences in size, shape, and behavior between genders.
52
Animals must optimize their choice between _____ and _____.
Copulating, and foraging.
53
6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Natural selection works with _____ variation.
available
54
6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: The world and the best adaptation can _____ in _____ and _____.
The world and the best adaptation can VARY in TIME and SPACE.
55
6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Natural Selection takes _____.
Time
56
6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Natural Selection can be outweighed by another _________ force.
Microevolutionary
57
6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: There are often tradeoffs, for example, between ______ and ______.
Survival, and reproduction.
58
6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Not all variation is subject to Natural Selection. These traits are known as ____ ____.
Neutral variation.
59
Evolutionary Trap
The environment changes in a way which preset cues no longer match the ideal outcome.
60
Speciation
The evolution of a new species.
61
Macroevolution
Evolutionary change above the species level.
62
BSC (acronym, definition, flaw)
Biological Species Concept: A species is defined by being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. One flaw is asexual reproducers.
63
ESC (acronym, definition)
Ecological Species Concept: A species is defined by existing in the same ecological niche.
64
MSC (acronym, definition)
Morphological Species Concept: A species is defined by having similar size and shape.
65
Reproductive Isolation
The existence of biological barriers that prevent individuals from interbreeding
66
Give 4 examples of PreZygotic Barriers
Animals must be in the same 1) Place 2) Time 3) Behavior 4) Mechanical fit 5) Fertilization details
67
Give 2 major PostZygotic Barriers
1) Development must proceed smoothly 2) Future fertility of hybrids.
68
Allopatric Speciation
New species created via geographic separation/divergence.
69
Regions with (More/less) geographic barriers tend to create more species
Regions with MORE geographic barriers tend to create more species
70
Endemic Species
Species that only exists in one place
71
Sympatric Speciation
Speciation emerging without geographic separation.
72
Sympatric Speciation Mechanism 1:
Polyploidy--"many chromosomes
73
Sympatric Speciation is very common in _____
plants
74
During Sympatric Speciation _____ _____ is required
During sympatric speciation, reproductive isolation is required.
75
Sympatric Speciation Mechanism 2,3:
Different mating preferences, habitat preferences.
76
2 models for speciation
Punctuated equilibrium, and gradualism
77
Adaptive Radiation
Sudden period of evolutionary change
78
Adaptive Radiation frequently occurs when...
species colonate a new environment | new key evolutionary change that allow movement to a vacant niche.
79
In the history of the earth, key events are often linked with ___ ____.
Key events are often linked with novel adaptations.
80
Mass extinctions can provide opportunities for ______ ____.
Mass extinctions can provide opportunities of surviving taxa

Biology 101 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions