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Biology 101 > Evolution and Natural Selection > Flashcards

Evolution and Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Historical Figures: Hutton

A

introduced ideas of gradualism

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2
Q

Historical Figures: Cuvier

A

Discusses fossils and extinction

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3
Q

Historical Figures: Lyell

A

gradualism and uniformic change over time

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4
Q

Historical Figures: Linnaeus

A

Classification scheme: binomial nomenclature

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5
Q

Historical Figures: Lamark

A

Gave a mechanism for species change over time: a change in an animal during its lifetime can be passed down to its offspring

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6
Q

Historical Figures: Malthus

A

Was an economist trying to answer: Why do people suffer?

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7
Q

Historical Figures: Malthus’ view

A

suffering occurs because populations have the potential of exponential reproduction which leads to resource expenditure.

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8
Q

Historical Figures: Darwin and _____

A

Wallace

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9
Q

3 Things that Wallace and Darwin noticed: 1

A

1) For any given current species, there are many different other species and fossils of past species that resemble that current species.

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10
Q

3 Things that Wallace and Darwin noticed: 2

A

2) There are Geographical Gradients of change in species. E.g: Island species resemble their mainland counterparts, but are slightly different.

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11
Q

3 Things that Wallace and Darwin noticed: 3

A

3) Organisms have traits to match their environment.

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12
Q

Adaptations:

A

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.

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13
Q

Darwin’s 2 Key Points. (1)

A

There exists descent with modification: Species today are ancestral species that have changed in time.

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14
Q

Darwin’s 2 Key points. (2)

A

Changes in time occur by the mechanism of Natural Selection.

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15
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (1)

A

1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits.

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16
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (2)

A

2) The individual traits in a population are heritable.

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17
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (3)

A

3) Organisms are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support (malthus)

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18
Q

4 Observations of Natural Selection (4)

A

4) Many offspring do not survive.

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19
Q

2 Inferences of Natural Selection: (1)

A

1)Individuals that are well suited to their environments tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.

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20
Q

2 Inferences of Natural Selection: (2)

A

2) Over time, favorable traits will accumulate in a population.

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21
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Artificial Selection

A

We can control some selections and see the results.

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22
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Direct observations of evolutionary change

A

Self explanatory

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23
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Fossil Record

A

Self explanatory

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24
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Homology

A

Finding similar physiological traits in animals that do not seem similar

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25
Q

5 Evidences for Natural Selection and Descent with Modification: Biogeography

A

Geographic distribution of species

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26
Q

Give three types of Homology

A

Vestigial Structures: old remnant structures with no apparent use, Embryological homology, and molecular homology.

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27
Q

Endemic Species

A

Species that are only found in one location

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28
Q

Definition of Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.

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29
Q

Definition of Population

A

Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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30
Q

Give 2 reasons why variation is important:

A

Variation is the raw material for evolution, and an environment is unlikely to be constant

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31
Q

Gene Pool

A

All the alleles in a population

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32
Q

Polymorphism

A

There are 2 or more versions of a trait in a population.

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33
Q

What creates genetic variation? (2)

A

Mutation or chromosome level events, and sexual reproduction.

34
Q

Basic list of what drives change in genetic variation: (4)

A

Mutation, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection

35
Q

Genetic Drift: Due to _____ change events, tends to _____ genetic variation in a population. Especially crucial in _____ populations.

A

Genetic Drift: Due to RANDOM change events, tends to DECREASE genetic variation in a population. Especially crucial in SMALL populations.

36
Q

Genetic Drift: Can be achieved via the ____ effect, and the ____ effect.

A

Genetic Drift: Can be achieved via the FOUNDER effect and the BOTTLENECK effect.

37
Q

Genetic Drift: Founder Effect

A

Formation of a new population which could be changing allele frequency.

38
Q

Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect

A

If many die, then by chance, allele frequency of the surviving population could change.

39
Q

Gene Flow

A

Change in allele frequency due to immigration/input of gametes from other populations.

40
Q

Gene Flow tends to ___ genetic variation. WHY?

A

Gene flow tends to reduce genetic variation. This is because AMONG populations, the sharing of genes decreases differences.

41
Q

Natural Selection is the only process that has consistently ___ effects.

A

Natural Selection is the only process that has consistently POSITIVE effects.

42
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic ratio.

43
Q

Disruptive/Diversifying Selection

A

Selection favors individuals on extreme ends on phenotypic ratio.

44
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection favors the intermediate phenotypes.

45
Q

Why are we concerned about small populations?

A

Small populations can experience greater drift than natural selection.

46
Q

In a small population, a ____ allele is just as likely to go to the next generation as a good allele, because

A

Natural selection is not fast enough to account for random drift.

47
Q

In a small population, the decrease of fitness in a population has _____ feedback.

A

Positive

48
Q

Overall, passing genes is (more/less) important than survival.

A

More

49
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Competition (antlers)

50
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

need to be attractive to opposite sex

51
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Differences in size, shape, and behavior between genders.

52
Q

Animals must optimize their choice between _____ and _____.

A

Copulating, and foraging.

53
Q

6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Natural selection works with _____ variation.

A

available

54
Q

6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: The world and the best adaptation can _____ in _____ and _____.

A

The world and the best adaptation can VARY in TIME and SPACE.

55
Q

6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Natural Selection takes _____.

A

Time

56
Q

6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Natural Selection can be outweighed by another _________ force.

A

Microevolutionary

57
Q

6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: There are often tradeoffs, for example, between ______ and ______.

A

Survival, and reproduction.

58
Q

6 Reasons why Natural Selection does not produce perfectly adapted organisms: Not all variation is subject to Natural Selection. These traits are known as ____ ____.

A

Neutral variation.

59
Q

Evolutionary Trap

A

The environment changes in a way which preset cues no longer match the ideal outcome.

60
Q

Speciation

A

The evolution of a new species.

61
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolutionary change above the species level.

62
Q

BSC (acronym, definition, flaw)

A

Biological Species Concept: A species is defined by being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. One flaw is asexual reproducers.

63
Q

ESC (acronym, definition)

A

Ecological Species Concept: A species is defined by existing in the same ecological niche.

64
Q

MSC (acronym, definition)

A

Morphological Species Concept: A species is defined by having similar size and shape.

65
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

The existence of biological barriers that prevent individuals from interbreeding

66
Q

Give 4 examples of PreZygotic Barriers

A

Animals must be in the same 1) Place 2) Time 3) Behavior 4) Mechanical fit 5) Fertilization details

67
Q

Give 2 major PostZygotic Barriers

A

1) Development must proceed smoothly 2) Future fertility of hybrids.

68
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

New species created via geographic separation/divergence.

69
Q

Regions with (More/less) geographic barriers tend to create more species

A

Regions with MORE geographic barriers tend to create more species

70
Q

Endemic Species

A

Species that only exists in one place

71
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation emerging without geographic separation.

72
Q

Sympatric Speciation Mechanism 1:

A

Polyploidy–“many chromosomes

73
Q

Sympatric Speciation is very common in _____

A

plants

74
Q

During Sympatric Speciation _____ _____ is required

A

During sympatric speciation, reproductive isolation is required.

75
Q

Sympatric Speciation Mechanism 2,3:

A

Different mating preferences, habitat preferences.

76
Q

2 models for speciation

A

Punctuated equilibrium, and gradualism

77
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Sudden period of evolutionary change

78
Q

Adaptive Radiation frequently occurs when…

A

species colonate a new environment

new key evolutionary change that allow movement to a vacant niche.

79
Q

In the history of the earth, key events are often linked with ___ ____.

A

Key events are often linked with novel adaptations.

80
Q

Mass extinctions can provide opportunities for ______ ____.

A

Mass extinctions can provide opportunities of surviving taxa

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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