Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 > Diversity of Life, Molecules, and Membranes > Flashcards

Diversity of Life, Molecules, and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Emergent Properties

A

New levels of organization provide new functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Order of Organization

A

Domain->Kingdom->Phylum->Class->Order->Family->Genus->Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of Unity and Diversity

A

Diversity: obvious. Unity: DNA Codes, cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Macromolecules

A

Polymers built from monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Enzymes; give an example

A

Facilitate reactions. E.g: Sucrase breaking down sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dehydration and Hydrolysis; which break and which create?

A

Make: Dehydration. Break: Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glucose Molecular Formula

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 Types of Polysaccharides

A

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Starch (Function, Used by)

A

Storage, plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glycogen (Function, Shape, Used by)

A

Storage, branched hydrocarbons, animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cellulose (Function, Shape, Used by)

A

Structure, long strings, plant walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chitin (Function, Used by)

A

Structure, fungi and animal exoskeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fats (Structure; 2 parts)

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Saturated Hydrogens, no cis or trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Cis or Trans bonding causes kinks that unsaturated the triglycerides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Good, the Bad, the Ugly(really Bad) (Fatty acids)

A

Unsaturated Fats, Saturated Fats, Trans Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fats: Function

A

Storage, Protection, Insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are Trans Fats Bad?

A

They increase levels of LDL cholesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phospholipids(Structure)

A

Hydrophilic head, and Hydrophobic double tail (fatty acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Proteins(monomer and polymer)

A

Amino acid monomers, polyPEPTIDE polymers via peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proteins (General use in cell)[1]

A

They are the TOOLS of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amino group, R group that provides function, and a carboxylic acid allowing formation of peptide bonds with Amino group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polypeptides( 2 termini)

A

contains an amino terminus and a carboxy terminus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proteins (Primary Structure)

A

Polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Proteins (2 Secondary Structures, and how they are bonded)

A

Alpha helices and Beta sheets created from hydrogen bonds

26
Q

Proteins (Tertiary Structure causes)[5 interactions]

A

Interactions between R groups. [Hydrogen bonding, Disulfide bridges, Ionic Bonds, Van Der Waals, and hydro (phobic/philic) exclusions.]

27
Q

Factors that affect enzyme function

A

Temperature, pH

28
Q

Lipids (3 functions)

A

Hormones, Energy, Cell membranes

29
Q

Sterols (Steroids)(3 properties, and structure)

A

Are hormones, largely hydrophobic, used in membrane structure [cholesterol], 4 RING STRUCTURES

30
Q

Lipoprotein Complex

A

Transport for hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol. Made of phospholipid ball, apoproteins, and cholesterol.

31
Q

Apo Proteins

A

Proteins involved in the lipoprotein complex

32
Q

Good and Bad Lipoproteins

A

Bad: LDL(low density lip…), Good: HDL (high density lip…)

33
Q

LDL and why it’s bad in large quantities

A

carries cholesterol from liver to body cells, can cause plaque buildup

34
Q

HDL

A

picks up excess cholesterol from cells and delivers back to liver for disposal/recycling

35
Q

Phospholipids (2 structures)

A

Phospholipid bilayer; micelles

36
Q

4 pieces of a biomembrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, oligosaccharides

37
Q

Function of Cholesterol in Membrane

A

Gives rigid strength to membrane

38
Q

Oligosaccharides (Where and functions (2))

A

3-10 monomer polysaccharides attached to membrane proteins and phospholipids. Helps with marker/ID, and connect to cytoskeleton.

39
Q

Factors that affect membrane fluidity(3)

A

Temperature, phospholipids, steroids

40
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

Higher temperature: melting, denaturation

Lower temperature: less fluid/permeable–>solidification

41
Q

What phospholipid characteristics alter membrane fluidity?

A

Saturated: less fluid/permeable
Unsaturated: more fluid/permeable

42
Q

What steroid characteristics alter membrane fluidity?

A

More cholesterol can increase strength of membrane, but decrease fluidity

43
Q

Glycoprotein

A

a protein with a carbohydrate attached

44
Q

Types of Transport[General] (2)

A

Passive Transport and Active Transport

45
Q

Types of Passive Transport (3)

A

Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis

46
Q

Simple Diffusion (2 facts)

A

High to low concentration, movement of small uncharged hydrophobic molecules such as estrogen and testosterone, or GASES

47
Q

Facilitated Diffusion is aided by what kinds of proteins?

A

Transmembrane channel proteins and Carrier Proteins

48
Q

Channel Proteins (4 facts)

A

Sometimes gated, requiring a SPECIFIC signal, rapid response, for small molecules

49
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Changes shape, for larger molecules, e.g: glucose transporters

50
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water down the gradient, no energy investment

51
Q

Osmosis Channel Proteins are called….

A

Aquaporins, involved for fast water transfer

52
Q

If the solution a cell is in is HYPERtonic, which way does water move, and what happens to the cell?

A

If solution is HYPERtonic, water moves from higher concentration IN CELL TO lower concentration OUTSIDE OF CELL. This causes the cell to SHRINK.

53
Q

If the solution a cell is in is HYPOtonic, which way does water move, and what happens to the cell?

A

If solution is HYPOtonic, water moves from higher concentration OUT OF CELL TO lower concentration INSIDE OF CELL. This causes the cell to BURST.

54
Q

Active Transport (2 facts)

A

movement against gradient, needs energy

55
Q

Energy process for Active Transport

A

ATP (Adenisone TRIphosphate) undergoes hydrolysis and loses a phosphate group to mechanism. Comes out as ADP (Adenisone Diphosphate)

56
Q

Active Transport Types (2)

A

Protein pumps, and Bulk Transport

57
Q

Transmembrane Pumps

A

Can be very specific proteins that use ATP to change shape, releasing one ion and capturing another into cell.

58
Q

Bulk Transport (Vesicular Transport)(3 types)

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor mediated endocytosis

59
Q

Phagocytosis

A

LARGE food particles engulfed by membrane

60
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Bringing in SMALLER RANDOM particle pockets and picking and choosing.

61
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis and example with LDL

A

Very selective receptors exist on membrane, waiting for specific particles to hit the membrane. E.g : LDL Receptors that bind to apoproteins on LDL lipoprotein complex. Receptors reused.

Biology 101 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions