Immune System

Question 1

3 Types of Pathogens

Answer 1

Bacteria, Viruses, and Parasites

Question 2

Immune System

Answer 2

recognizes foreign bodies and responds with production of immune cells and proteins

Question 3

All animals have ___ immunity

Answer 3

All animals have innate immunity

Question 4

Vertebrates have ____ and ____immunity

Answer 4

Vertebrates have innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Question 5

Innate Immunity

Answer 5

Nonspecific, present at birth, external and internal cells, 1st and 2nd line of defense

Question 6

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 6

specific, adaptive, 3rd line of defense

Question 7

1st line of defense(Barrier defense)

Answer 7

Skin/Membranes/Secretions such as sweat, saliva, mucous

Question 8

Phagocytic Cells

Answer 8

provide non-specific defense, consume pathogens via phagocytosis.

Question 9

Neutrophilic Cells

Answer 9

highly abundant white blood cell, short lived and highly motile/ self destructing

Question 10

Macrophages

Answer 10

“Big eaters” long lived

Question 11

Inflammation

Answer 11

Non specific response to infection or injury

Question 12

Inflammation Process

Answer 12

mast cells release histamines which dilate blood vessels to a more porous state for white blood cells to move

Question 13

Cytokines

Answer 13

General signaling molecules

Question 14

Name of 3rd Line of Defense

Answer 14

Adaptive Immunity

Question 15

Leukocyte

Answer 15

smaller non phagocytic cells

Question 16

Lymphocyte

Answer 16

leukocytes in the 3rd line of defense used for specific defense.

Question 17

Humoral Response

Answer 17

B cells create antibodies for defense against infection in the humoral (body) fluid.

Question 18

Cell Mediated Response

Answer 18

Cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells

Question 19

Antigen

Answer 19

substances that elicit a response from B and T cells

Question 20

Epitope

Answer 20

The accessible part of an antigen for antigen receptors to bind to.

Question 21

Antibodies

Answer 21

mark pathogens for destruction

Question 22

MHC Major Histocompatibility Complexes

Answer 22

display antigen fragments on the surface of cells so that T cells can recognize cells that need to be destroyed

Question 23

MHC Class 1

Answer 23

Show off antigen fragments to cytotoxic T cells.

Question 24

Perforin

Answer 24

little molecules released from cytotoxic T cells that form pores in an infected cell which will fragment and die.

Question 25

MHC Class 2

Answer 25

Show off antigen fragments to Helper T Cells

Question 26

Helper T Cells

Answer 26

when activated, will either signal humoral B cells to come bring antibodies, or cell mediated T cell destruction response.

Question 27

Activated B Cells proliferate into _____ and _____ via _____

Answer 27

Activated B cells proliferate into memory B cells and antibody secreting plasma cells via CLONAL SELECTION.

Question 28

Immunological Memory

Answer 28

Memory B cells retain specific antigens for a previous battle, causing a faster and more efficient response the second time around.

Question 29

Antibodies can do 3 things to a pathogen:

Answer 29

Neutralization, Opsonization, Activation of complement systems

Question 30

Antibodies–> Pathogen: Neutralization

Answer 30

Antibodies surround the pathogen’s activation sites so that they cannot infect any other cells.

Question 31

Antibodies–> Pathogen: Opsonization

Answer 31

Antibodies create a target for phagocytosis

Question 32

Antibodies–> Pathogen: Activation of Complement Structure

Answer 32

Antibodies create a protein complex with the pathogen that causes pores in cell and causes lysis.

Question 33

Allergies: General definition

Answer 33

Exaggerated responses to antigens by excess release of histamines from a mast cell that has had antibodies attach to it.

Question 34

Autoimmune Diseases (3 examples)

Answer 34

Body loses tolerance for itself. (Graves Disease, Arthritis, Insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis)

Question 35

Graves Disease

Answer 35

B cells produce antibodies that bind to the receptors on the thyroid gland… causes excessive release of thyroid hormone.

Question 36

Insulin Dependent Diabetes

Answer 36

autoimmune destruction of B cells by T cells

Question 37

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 37

T cells attack myelin