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Biology 101 > Microbiome and Cellular Functions > Flashcards

Microbiome and Cellular Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Emergent Properties

A

New levels of organization provide new functions.

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3
Q

IM Protective Functions

A

Commensal bacteria fight against the pathogenic bacteria

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4
Q

Anti-Qorum Sensing Drugs

A

Block bacterial receptors, and prevent action by bacteria

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5
Q

1 Way Archaea are similar to Eukaryotes

A

Similar gene expression e.g: eukaryotic ribosomes

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus (3 functions)(1 major)

A

Further modification (Glycosylation/Trimming), carbohydrate synthesis, and SORTING STATION.

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7
Q

Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast have certain characteristics that indicate it was at one time an older organism… (5)

A

Small circular DNA, Double membrane,Prokaryotic ribosomes, approximately the size of bacteria, can perform binary reproduction

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8
Q

Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)

A

Theory that the mitochondria used to be a bacteria that the Eukaryotic cell absorbed.

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9
Q

What allows a bacteria to move?

A

Flagellum: movement whips

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10
Q

Human Microbiome

A

all of the micro-organisms that live in and on us

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11
Q

Bacteria to Human Cell ratio

A

10:1

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12
Q

Bacteria to Human Gene ratio

A

100:1

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13
Q

Commensal Microbes

A

live together, one benefits, and the other is not harmed NON-pathogenic

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14
Q

What are 2 reasons why it is hard to complete the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Abundance of organisms, and anaerobic intestinal microbes

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15
Q

Intestinal Gut Microbiome Functions (3)

A

Metabolic, Structural, Protection

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16
Q

IM Metabolic Functions:

A

Vitamin synthesis, fermentation, absorption of nutrients

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17
Q

IM Structural Functions:

A

Development

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18
Q

Commensal Microbes

A

live together, one benefits, and the other is not harmed NON-pathogenic

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19
Q

What are 2 reasons why it is hard to complete the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Abundance of organisms, and anaerobic intestinal microbes

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20
Q

Intestinal Gut Microbiome Functions (3)

A

Metabolic, Structural, Protection

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21
Q

Human Microbiome

A

all of the micro-organisms living in and on us

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22
Q

Bacteria to Human Cell Ratio

A

10:1

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23
Q

Bacteria to Human Gene Ratio

A

100:1

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24
Q

Commensal Microbes

A

live together, one benefits, and other is neither helped nor harmed

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25
Q

What are 2 reasons why it will be hard to complete the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Abundance of organisms, and anaerobic intestinal microbes

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26
Q

Intestinal Gut Microbiome Functions (3)

A

Metabolic, Structural, Protection

27
Q

IM Metabolic Functions:

A

Vitamin synthesis, fermentation(digestion), absorption of nutrients

28
Q

IM Structural Function

A

Development

29
Q

IM Protective Functions

A

Commensal bacteria fight against the pathogenic bacteria

30
Q

RCDI

A

Nasty bacteria, 100,000 deaths per year

31
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Bacteria have sensors and receptors that let them know how many other bacteria are around. Once the bacteria have multiplied sufficiently, they can simultaneously attack

32
Q

Anti-Qorum Sensing Drugs

A

Block bacterial receptors, and prevent action by bacteria

33
Q

Types of Archaea Extremophiles

A

Halophiles, Thermophiles, Methanogens

34
Q

3 Ways Archaea are different than Eukaryotes

A

No nucleus or organelles, circular chromosomes, cell wall (not peptidoglycan)

35
Q

1 Way Archaea are similar to Eukaryotes

A

Similar gene expression e.g: eukaryotic ribosomes

36
Q

Nuclear Envelope (3 facts)

A

Double membrane, contains nuclear pores, held in shape by nuclear lamina

37
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes are made here

38
Q

Nuclear Lamina (function, made of?)

A

Holds nucleus structure, made from Lamin Proteins

39
Q

Lamin Proteins & Mutation

A

String shaped, mutation causes irregular shaped nucleus and consequently defects in chromosome organization. This is a cause of progeria.

40
Q

Protein sorting/Targeting

A

Polypeptides in protein created in ribosome will have markers for destination

41
Q

Elements of the Endomembrane System

A

Nuclear Envelope, SER & RER, Transport Vesicles, Lysosomes

42
Q

Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum 1 Function

A

Lipid production

43
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (General)

A

Makes proteins

44
Q

Lumen

A

Inside of organelles

45
Q

Chaperones

A

help with protein folding

46
Q

What Happens in RER? (3 things)

A

folding of proteins with help of chaperones, Glycosylation: attachment of oligosaccharide gylcoproteins, Cleavage: ex. insulin

47
Q

Golgi Apparatus (3 functions)(1 major)

A

Further modification (Glycosylation/Trimming), carbohydrate synthesis, and SORTING STATION.

48
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive compartments/recycling centers

49
Q

How does the Lysosome digest material?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

50
Q

How does the lysosome maintain an acidic interior?

A

Proton pumps in lysosomal membrane

51
Q

To what, do lysosomes attach?

A

Food vacuoles or old organelles

52
Q

What happens if you have non-functioning lysosomes?

A

buildup of glycogen, organs destroyed

53
Q

What is the path of molecule with an ER retention signal?

A

Still goes to Golgi Apparatus, but return to ER.

54
Q

Cytoskeleton is made up of (3 things)

A

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments

55
Q

Function of cytoskeleton (4)

A

Cell division via cell pinching, chromosome organization and movement, vesicle transport, provides structure via nuclear lamina

56
Q

Microfilaments (dynamic or static, made from)

A

Dynamic, made from actin subunits

57
Q

Microtubules

A

Dynamic, made from tubulin,

58
Q

Describe the highways for vesicles

A

Highways created by microtubules, vesicles carried by motor proteins from ER to Golgi

59
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down fatty acids and toxins via oxidation. Byproduct is hydrogen peroxide.

60
Q

Mitochondria and the…

A

Chloroplast

61
Q

Function of Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast (General)

A

Energy

62
Q

Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast have certain characteristics that indicate it was at one time an older organism… (4)

A

Small circular DNA, Double membrane,Prokaryotic ribosomes, approximately the size of bacteria

63
Q

Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)

A

Theory that the mitochondria used to be a bacteria that the Eukaryotic cell absorbed.

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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