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Biology 101 > Microbiome and Cellular Functions > Flashcards

Microbiome and Cellular Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Emergent Properties

A

New levels of organization provide new functions.

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3
Q

IM Protective Functions

A

Commensal bacteria fight against the pathogenic bacteria

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4
Q

Anti-Qorum Sensing Drugs

A

Block bacterial receptors, and prevent action by bacteria

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5
Q

1 Way Archaea are similar to Eukaryotes

A

Similar gene expression e.g: eukaryotic ribosomes

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus (3 functions)(1 major)

A

Further modification (Glycosylation/Trimming), carbohydrate synthesis, and SORTING STATION.

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7
Q

Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast have certain characteristics that indicate it was at one time an older organism… (5)

A

Small circular DNA, Double membrane,Prokaryotic ribosomes, approximately the size of bacteria, can perform binary reproduction

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8
Q

Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)

A

Theory that the mitochondria used to be a bacteria that the Eukaryotic cell absorbed.

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9
Q

What allows a bacteria to move?

A

Flagellum: movement whips

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10
Q

Human Microbiome

A

all of the micro-organisms that live in and on us

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11
Q

Bacteria to Human Cell ratio

A

10:1

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12
Q

Bacteria to Human Gene ratio

A

100:1

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13
Q

Commensal Microbes

A

live together, one benefits, and the other is not harmed NON-pathogenic

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14
Q

What are 2 reasons why it is hard to complete the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Abundance of organisms, and anaerobic intestinal microbes

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15
Q

Intestinal Gut Microbiome Functions (3)

A

Metabolic, Structural, Protection

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16
Q

IM Metabolic Functions:

A

Vitamin synthesis, fermentation, absorption of nutrients

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17
Q

IM Structural Functions:

A

Development

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18
Q

Commensal Microbes

A

live together, one benefits, and the other is not harmed NON-pathogenic

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19
Q

What are 2 reasons why it is hard to complete the Human Microbiome Project?

A

Abundance of organisms, and anaerobic intestinal microbes

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20
Q

Intestinal Gut Microbiome Functions (3)

A

Metabolic, Structural, Protection

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21
Q

Human Microbiome

A

all of the micro-organisms living in and on us

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22
Q

Bacteria to Human Cell Ratio

A

10:1

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23
Q

Bacteria to Human Gene Ratio

A

100:1

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24
Q

Commensal Microbes

A

live together, one benefits, and other is neither helped nor harmed

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25
What are 2 reasons why it will be hard to complete the Human Microbiome Project?
Abundance of organisms, and anaerobic intestinal microbes
26
Intestinal Gut Microbiome Functions (3)
Metabolic, Structural, Protection
27
IM Metabolic Functions:
Vitamin synthesis, fermentation(digestion), absorption of nutrients
28
IM Structural Function
Development
29
IM Protective Functions
Commensal bacteria fight against the pathogenic bacteria
30
RCDI
Nasty bacteria, 100,000 deaths per year
31
Quorum Sensing
Bacteria have sensors and receptors that let them know how many other bacteria are around. Once the bacteria have multiplied sufficiently, they can simultaneously attack
32
Anti-Qorum Sensing Drugs
Block bacterial receptors, and prevent action by bacteria
33
Types of Archaea Extremophiles
Halophiles, Thermophiles, Methanogens
34
3 Ways Archaea are different than Eukaryotes
No nucleus or organelles, circular chromosomes, cell wall (not peptidoglycan)
35
1 Way Archaea are similar to Eukaryotes
Similar gene expression e.g: eukaryotic ribosomes
36
Nuclear Envelope (3 facts)
Double membrane, contains nuclear pores, held in shape by nuclear lamina
37
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Ribosomes are made here
38
Nuclear Lamina (function, made of?)
Holds nucleus structure, made from Lamin Proteins
39
Lamin Proteins & Mutation
String shaped, mutation causes irregular shaped nucleus and consequently defects in chromosome organization. This is a cause of progeria.
40
Protein sorting/Targeting
Polypeptides in protein created in ribosome will have markers for destination
41
Elements of the Endomembrane System
Nuclear Envelope, SER & RER, Transport Vesicles, Lysosomes
42
Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum 1 Function
Lipid production
43
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (General)
Makes proteins
44
Lumen
Inside of organelles
45
Chaperones
help with protein folding
46
What Happens in RER? (3 things)
folding of proteins with help of chaperones, Glycosylation: attachment of oligosaccharide gylcoproteins, Cleavage: ex. insulin
47
Golgi Apparatus (3 functions)(1 major)
Further modification (Glycosylation/Trimming), carbohydrate synthesis, and SORTING STATION.
48
Lysosomes
Digestive compartments/recycling centers
49
How does the Lysosome digest material?
hydrolytic enzymes
50
How does the lysosome maintain an acidic interior?
Proton pumps in lysosomal membrane
51
To what, do lysosomes attach?
Food vacuoles or old organelles
52
What happens if you have non-functioning lysosomes?
buildup of glycogen, organs destroyed
53
What is the path of molecule with an ER retention signal?
Still goes to Golgi Apparatus, but return to ER.
54
Cytoskeleton is made up of (3 things)
Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments
55
Function of cytoskeleton (4)
Cell division via cell pinching, chromosome organization and movement, vesicle transport, provides structure via nuclear lamina
56
Microfilaments (dynamic or static, made from)
Dynamic, made from actin subunits
57
Microtubules
Dynamic, made from tubulin,
58
Describe the highways for vesicles
Highways created by microtubules, vesicles carried by motor proteins from ER to Golgi
59
Peroxisomes
Breaks down fatty acids and toxins via oxidation. Byproduct is hydrogen peroxide.
60
Mitochondria and the...
Chloroplast
61
Function of Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast (General)
Energy
62
Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast have certain characteristics that indicate it was at one time an older organism... (4)
Small circular DNA, Double membrane,Prokaryotic ribosomes, approximately the size of bacteria
63
Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)
Theory that the mitochondria used to be a bacteria that the Eukaryotic cell absorbed.

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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