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Anaphy Midterm > Nervous System Pt. II > Flashcards

Nervous System Pt. II Flashcards

1
Q

It provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain.

A

Spinal cord

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2
Q

The spinal cord extends from the ___ to the ___.

A

Foramen magnum; first or second lumbar vertebra

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3
Q

It is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end.

A

Cauda equina

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4
Q

What part of the spinal cord houses interneurons?

A

Dorsal horns

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5
Q

They receive information from the sensory neurons in the dorsal root.

A

Dorsal horns

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6
Q

They house motor neurons of the somatic nervous system.

A

Ventral horns

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7
Q

They send information out the ventral root.

A

Ventral horns

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8
Q

What covers the spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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9
Q

Where do spinal nerves leave?

A

At the level of each vertebra

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10
Q

What root of the spinal cord contains axons?

A

Ventral root

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11
Q

It is associated with the dorsal root ganglia.

A

Dorsal root

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12
Q

In a nerve, what surrounds each individual fiber?

A

Endoneurium

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13
Q

Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by what?

A

Perineurium

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14
Q

Fascicles are bound together by what?

A

Epineurium

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15
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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16
Q

What is the only pair to extend into the thoracic & abdominal cavities?

A

Vagus

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17
Q

What are the classifications of nerves in the PNS?

A

Sensory, Motor, Mixed (both motor and sensory)

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18
Q

Which of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves are sensory?

A

Olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

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19
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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20
Q

Which of the 12 cranial nerves are motor only?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal

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21
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are both motor and sensory?

A

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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22
Q

True or False: There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebra.

A

TRUE. It totals 31 pairs.

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23
Q

What forms the spinal nerves?

A

Combination of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

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24
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

The region from which they arise

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25
Q

It is a branch of a spinal nerve.

A

Ramus

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26
Q

A ramus contains what type of nerve fibers?

A

Both motor and sensory

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27
Q

What are the two types of rami?

A

Dorsal rami and ventral rami

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28
Q

These rami serve the skin & muscles of the posterior trunk.

A

Dorsal rami

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29
Q

These rami form a complex of networks for the anterior.

A

Ventral rami

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30
Q

Networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs.

A

Plexus

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31
Q

Plexuses form from the ventral rami of spinal nerves from what regions?

A

Cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions

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32
Q

What are the four plexuses?

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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33
Q

The autonomic nervous system is also known as ___.

A

Involuntary nervous system

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34
Q

It regulates the activities of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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35
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and autonomic nervous system

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36
Q

What are the nerves in the somatic nervous system?

A

One-neuron system; originates in the CNS & axons extend to skeletal muscles

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37
Q

What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal system

38
Q

What are the subdivisions of the somatic nervous system?

A

There are no subdivisions.

39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

The autonomic nervous system has a two-neuron system consisting of what neurons?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

41
Q

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

42
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

43
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate from what regions?

A

Craniosacral regions

44
Q

What comprises the craniosacral regions?

A

Cranial nerves III, VIII, IX, and X
S2-S4 regions of spinal cord

45
Q

What is the site of preganglionic neuron origination?

A

Parasympathetic division

46
Q

The parasympathetic division is also known as ___.

A

Craniosacral division

47
Q

What are the effector organs of the parasympathetic division?

A

Terminal ganglia

48
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division?

A

Acetylcholine

49
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate from what regions?

A

T1-L2

50
Q

In the sympathetic division, where are the ganglia located?

A

Sympathetic trunk

51
Q

True or False: Long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons transmit impulse from CNS to the effector.

A

FALSE. Short preganglionic neurons; long postganglionic neurons

52
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

53
Q

It is known as the “fight or flight” division.

A

Sympathetic division

54
Q

It responds to unusual stimulus

A

Sympathetic division

55
Q

The sympathetic division is known as the E division, what does it include?

A

Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarrassment

56
Q

This division is responsible for housekeeping activities.

A

Parasympathetic division

57
Q

This division conserves energy and maintains daily necessary body functions.

A

Parasympathetic division

58
Q

The parasympathetic division is known as the D division, what does it include?

A

Digestion
Defecation
Diuresis

59
Q

When is the nervous system formed?

A

First month of embryonic development.

60
Q

What does oxygen deprivation do to brain cells?

A

Destroys them

61
Q

What is one of the last areas of the brain to develop?

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

What are some examples of congenital brain diseases?

A

Cerebral palsy
Anencephaly
Hydrocephalus
Spina bifida

63
Q

Why do premature babies have trouble regulating body temperature?

A

Because the hypothalamus (in charge of regulating body temperature) is one of the last brain areas to mature.

64
Q

What is indicated by the development of motor control?

A

Progressive myelination and maturation of child’s nervous system.

65
Q

When does brain growth end?

A

Young adulthood

66
Q

True or False: Neurons die throughout life and are not replaced.

A

TRUE. Thus, brain mass declines with age.

67
Q

True or False: Neurons are amitotic.

A

TRUE. Neurons do not undergo cell division/mitosis.

68
Q

True or False: Healthy aged people maintain nearly optimal intellectual function.

A

TRUE.

69
Q

What is the major cause of declining mental function with age?

A

Disease, particularly cardiovascular disease

70
Q

What are the characteristics of a reflex?

A

Rapid, predictable, involuntary response to a stimulus

71
Q

Where do reflexes occur?

A

Neural pathways called reflex arcs

72
Q

What are the two types of reflexes?

A

Somatic and autonomic reflexes

73
Q

They are reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic reflexes

74
Q

These reflexes regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart and blood pressure, glands, and digestive system.

A

Autonomic reflexes

75
Q

Pulling your hand away from a hot object is an example of what reflex?

A

Somatic reflexes

76
Q

What are the five elements of a reflex?

A

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center (CNS)
Motor neuron
Effector organ

77
Q

In a reflex, it reacts to a stimulus.

A

Sensory receptor

78
Q

In a reflex, it carries messages to the integration center.

A

Sensory neuron

79
Q

In a reflex, it processes information and directs motor output.

A

Integration center

80
Q

In a reflex, it carries messages to an effector.

A

Motor neuron

81
Q

In a reflex, it is the muscle or gland to be stimulated.

A

Effector organ

82
Q

What are the two types of reflex arcs?

A

Two-neuron reflex arc and three-neuron reflex arc

83
Q

It is the simplest type of reflex arc.

A

Two-neuron reflex arc

84
Q

This reflex arc consists of five elements.

A

Three-neuron reflex arc

85
Q

The patellar (knee-jerk) reflex is an example of what reflex arc?

A

Two-neuron reflex arc

86
Q

The flexor (withdrawal) reflex is an example of what reflex arc?

A

Three-neuron reflex arc

87
Q

What are the two functional properties of neurons?

A

Irritability and conductivity

88
Q

It is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse.

A

Irritability

89
Q

It is the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

A

Conductivity

90
Q

This muscle rolls the eye laterally.

A

Lateral rectus muscle

Anaphy Midterm (16 decks)

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