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Anaphy Midterm > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

Also known as gathering information, it is to monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body.

A

Sensory input

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3
Q

It is to process and interpret sensory input and decide whether action is needed.

A

Integration

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4
Q

Which of the three functions is a response to integrated stimuli?

A

Motor output

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5
Q

The motor output response activates the ___.

A

Muscles and glands

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6
Q

The three overlapping nervous system functions is similar to ___.

A

Feedback loop

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7
Q

In a feedback loop, what receives the sensory input?

A

Receptor

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8
Q

After it is received, the sensory input is sent to the ___.

A

Brain (control center)

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9
Q

After the sensory input is analyzed and integrated, a motor response is sent to the ____.

A

Effector

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10
Q

The nervous system is classified based on ___.

A

Structures and activities

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11
Q

What are the structural classifications of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

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12
Q

What are the organs found in the central nervous system?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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13
Q

True or False: The peripheral nervous system is comprised of nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What are the two types of nerves that can be found in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves & spinal nerves

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15
Q

What are the functions of the central nervous system?

A

▪ Integration; command center
▪ Interpret incoming sensory
information
▪ Issues outgoing instructions

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16
Q

These type of nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

A

Spinal nerves

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17
Q

These type of nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.

A

Cranial nerves

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18
Q

What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Serve as communication lines
among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles

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19
Q

What are the two functional classifications of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division

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20
Q

This functional division of the PNS includes nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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21
Q

What are the two types of nerve fibers in the sensory division?

A

Somatic sensory fibers and visceral sensory fibers.

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22
Q

What type of nerve fibers carry information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints?

A

Somatic sensory fibers

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23
Q

What type of nerve fibers carry information from visceral/internal organs?

A

Visceral sensory fibers

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24
Q

This functional classification of the PNS includes nerve fibers that carry impulses away from
the central nervous system organs.

A

Motor (efferent) division

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25
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the motor division?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

This subdivision of the motor division voluntarily controls skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic nervous system

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27
Q

This subdivision of the motor division is involuntary or automatically moves.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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28
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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29
Q

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into ___.

A

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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30
Q

What are the parasympathetic nerves?

A

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion defecation, erection

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31
Q

Support cells in the central nervous system.

A

Neuroglia

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32
Q

What are the general functions of neuroglia?

A

Support, insulate, protect neurons

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33
Q

What are the four types of CNS glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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34
Q

These glial cells are abundant, star-shaped cells.

A

Astrocytes

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35
Q

Astrocytes are also known as ___.

A

Brace neurons

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36
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Form barrier between capillaries and neurons
Control the chemical environment of the brain

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37
Q

They are the most abundant and versatile neuroglia.

A

Astrocytes

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38
Q

These neuroglia are spiderlike phagocytes.

A

Microglia

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39
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A

Dispose of debris and defend CNS cells.

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40
Q

These neuroglia line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities.

A

Ependymal cells

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41
Q

What body cavities are lines with ependymal cells?

A

Cranial and spinal cavities

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42
Q

What part of ependymal cells assists with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Cilia

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43
Q

What neuroglia produces myelin sheaths that wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

44
Q

What are the two PNS glial cells?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

45
Q

These PNS glial cells protect neuron cell bodies.

A

Satellite cells

46
Q

What forms myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

Nerve cells are also known as ___.

48
Q

They are cells specialized to transmit messages.

49
Q

What are the major regions of the neuron?

A

Cell body and processes

50
Q

It contains the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell.

51
Q

It includes the fibers that extend from the cell body.

52
Q

What are the parts of the cell body?

A

Nissl bodies, neurofibrils, nucleus with large nucleolus

53
Q

They are specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Nissl bodies

54
Q

They form an intermediate cytoskeleton and maintain cell shape.

A

Neurofibrils

55
Q

What are the processes outside the cell body?

A

Dendrites and axons

56
Q

They conduct impulse toward the cell body.

57
Q

They conduct impulses away from the cell body.

58
Q

True or False: Neurons may have hundreds of axons but only one dendrite.

A

FALSE. They may have hundreds of dendrites and only one axon.

59
Q

The axon arises from the body at the ___.

A

Axon hillock

60
Q

Axons end in ___.

A

Axon terminals

61
Q

Axon terminals contain vesicles with ___.

A

Neurotransmitters

62
Q

Axons are separated from the next neuron by a gap called the ___.

A

Synaptic cleft

63
Q

It is the junction between nerves.

64
Q

It is the gap between adjacent neurons.

A

Synaptic cleft

65
Q

It is thee whitish, fatty material covering axons.

A

Myelin sheath

66
Q

True or False: Schwann cells produce myelin sheaths for the CNS, while oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths for the PNS.

A

FALSE. Suli hahhahahaha

67
Q

They are gaps in myelin sheath along the axon.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

68
Q

True or False: Myelin sheaths spread the nerve impulse transmission.

69
Q

True or False: Most neuron cell bodies are found in the peripheral nervous system.

A

FALSE. They are found in the central nervous system.

70
Q

They are clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system.

71
Q

Collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system are referred to as ___.

72
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS are called ___, while bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS are called ___.

A

Tracts; nerves

73
Q

Collections of myelinated fibers are known as ___.

A

White matter

74
Q

It is a collection of mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies.

A

Grey matter

75
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

76
Q

These neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS.

A

Sensory neurons

77
Q

What are the two types of sensory neurons?

A

Cutaneous sense organs and proprioceptors

78
Q

These sensory neurons detect stretch or tension.

A

Proprioceptors

79
Q

What are the different cutaneous sense organs?

A

Free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscle, lamellar/Pacinian corpuscle

80
Q

What are the types of proprioceptors?

A

Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle

81
Q

What are the pain and temperature receptors?

A

Free nerve endings

82
Q

___ functions as a touch receptor.

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

83
Q

It detects deep pressure in the skin.

A

Lamellar corpuscle

84
Q

Carry impulses from the central
nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands.

A

Motor neurons

85
Q

Interneurons are also known as ___.

A

Association neurons

86
Q

Where in the central nervous system can interneurons be found?

A

Neural pathways

87
Q

They connect sensory and motor neurons.

A

Interneurons

88
Q

True or False: Sensory neurons are efferent, while motor neurons are afferent.

A

FALSE. Suli hhahhahahaha

89
Q

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

90
Q

Structural classification of neurons is based on ___.

A

Number of processes extending from the cell body.

91
Q

These neurons have many extensions from the cell body.

A

Multipolar neurons

92
Q

These neurons have one axon and one dendrite.

A

Bipolar neurons

93
Q

These neurons have a short single process leaving the cell body.

A

Unipolar neurons

94
Q

What neurons are the most common structure?

A

Multipolar neurons

95
Q

True or False: All motor and interneurons are multipolar.

96
Q

Where are bipolar neurons located?

A

Special sense organs (ex. nose and eye)

97
Q

True or False: Bipolar neurons are rare in adults.

98
Q

They are sensory neurons found in PNS ganglia.

99
Q

What neurons conduct impulses both toward and away from the body?

A

Unipolar neurons

100
Q

This subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for your fight or flight response.

A

Sympathetic

101
Q

This subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for what’s known as “rest and digest”.

A

Parasympathetic

102
Q

Chemicals that cause fetal abnormalities are known as ___.

A

Teratogens

103
Q

It promotes healthy development of neural tube.

A

Folic acid

104
Q

The demyelination of myelin sheaths is known as ___.

A

Multiple sclerosis

105
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

106
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Anaphy Midterm (16 decks)

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