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Anaphy Midterm > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS develops from the ___.

A

embryonic neural tube

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2
Q

True or False: The neural tube becomes the brain and the spinal cord.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

The opening of the neural tube becomes the ___.

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

There are ____ ventricles in the brain, which are filled with ___.

A

four; cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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6
Q

They are paired superior parts of the brain.

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

True or False: Cerebral hemispheres include more than half of the brain mass.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is made of ridges called ___; and grooves called ___.

A

Gyrus/gyri; sulcus/sulci

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9
Q

What are the three main regions of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cortex (gray matter)
White matter
Basal nuclei (deep pockets of gray matter)

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10
Q

The brain is divided into lobed by deep grooves called ___.

A

Fissures

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11
Q

What are the surface lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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12
Q

What are the specialized areas of the cerebrum?

A

Primary somatic sensory area
Primary motor area
Broca’s area
Anterior and posterior association areas
Speech area

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13
Q

It receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors

A

Primary somatic sensory area

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14
Q

Give examples of sensory impulses.

A

Pain, temperature, light touch

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15
Q

The primary somatic sensory area is located in which lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

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16
Q

The frontal and parietal lobes are divided by the ____.

A

Central sulcus

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17
Q

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ___.

A

Corpus callosum

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18
Q

It is a spatial map for the primary somatic sensory area.

A

Sensory homunculus

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19
Q

True or False: Left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from the left side (and vice versa).

A

FALSE. The left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from the right side (and vice versa).

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20
Q

What are the cerebral areas involved in special senses?

A

Visual area (occipital lobe)
Auditory area (temporal lobe)
Olfactory area (temporal lobe)

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21
Q

It sends impulses to skeletal muscles.

A

Primary motor area

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22
Q

The primary motor area is located in which lobe?

A

Frontal lobe

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23
Q

Motor neurons form ____, which descends into the spinal cord.

A

Corticospinal (pyramid) tract

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24
Q

What is the spatial map for the primary motor area?

A

Motor homuculus

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25
Q

This specialized area is involved in our ability to speak.

A

Broca’s area

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26
Q

Broca’s area is usually located in which hemisphere?

A

Left hemisphere

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27
Q

Damage to Broca’s area may result in difficulty speaking or ___.

A

Aphasia

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28
Q

Outer layer in the cerebral cortex; composed mostly of neuron cell bodies.

A

Gray matter

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29
Q

Fiber tracts deep to the gray matter.

A

White matter

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30
Q

Islands of gray matter
buried within the white matter.

A

Basal nuclei

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31
Q

What region of the brain sits on top of the brain stem and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Diencephalon

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32
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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33
Q

The thalamus surrounds the ___.

A

Third ventricle

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34
Q

It is the relay station for sensory impulses; it transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation.

A

Thalamus

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35
Q

It is the autonomic nervous system center.

A

Hypothalamus

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36
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

▪ Helps regulate body temperature
▪ Controls water balance
▪ Regulates metabolism

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37
Q

What does the limbic system control?

A

Emotions

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38
Q

The hypothalamus houses mammillary bodies for what special sense?

A

Smell

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39
Q

It forms the roof of the third ventricle.

A

Epithalamus

40
Q

What is located in the epithalamus that forms cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus

41
Q

What is the part of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for memory?

A

Hippocampus

42
Q

This lobe is responsible for intellect, reasoning, and motor movement.

A

Frontal lobe

43
Q

This lobe is in charge of somatosensory.

A

Parietal lobe

44
Q

The ___ lobe is in charge of hearing; while the ___ lobe is in charge of sight.

A

Temporal; occipital

45
Q

What are the glands that are part of the diencephalon?

A

Pituitary gland and pineal gland

46
Q

The pineal gland produces and secretes what compound?

A

Melatonin

47
Q

What region of the brain attaches to the spinal cord?

A

Brain stem

48
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

49
Q

This part of the brain stem is composed mainly of tracts of nerve fibers.

A

Midbrain

50
Q

These bulging fiber tracts convey ascending and descending impulses.

A

Cerebral peduncles

51
Q

They are rounded protrusions that are the visual and auditory reflex centers.

A

Corpora quadrigemina

52
Q

The bulging center part of the brain stem mostly composed of fiber tracts.

A

Pons

53
Q

The pons includes nuclei involved in the control of ___.

A

Breathing

54
Q

It is the lowest part of the brainstem that merges into the spinal cord.

A

Medulla oblongata

55
Q

The medulla oblongata includes important control centers for what bodily processes?

A

▪ Heart rate control
▪ Blood pressure regulation
▪ Breathing
▪ Swallowing
▪ Vomiting

56
Q

This region of the brainstem diffuses mass of gray matter along the brain stem.

A

Reticular formation

57
Q

The reticular formation is involved in the motor control of what body parts?

A

Visceral organs

58
Q

It serves as a filter for incoming sensory information.

A

Reticular activation system (RAS)

59
Q

The reticular activation system is involved in the ___, and ___.

A

Sleep-wake cycle; consciousness

60
Q

What are the regions of the brain with hemispheres?

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

61
Q

This region of the brain controls balance and equilibrium.

A

Cerebellum

62
Q

It provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements.

A

Cerebellum

63
Q

What are the layers of protection of the central nervous system in order from outermost to innermost?

A

▪ Scalp and skin
▪ Skull and vertebral column
▪ Meninges
▪ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
▪ Blood-brain barrier

64
Q

What are the layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

65
Q

What is the tough outermost layer of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

66
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteum and meningeal layer

67
Q

In which areas does the dura mater fold inwards?

A

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

68
Q

Middle layer with weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space.

A

Arachnoid

69
Q

What part of the arachnoid reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Arachnoid villi

70
Q

Internal layer that clings to the surface of the brain.

A

Pia mater

71
Q

Capillaries in the ventricles of the brain

A

Choroid plexus

72
Q

Similar to blood plasma composition that forms a watery cushion to protect the brain.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

73
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid circulated?

A

Arachnoid space, ventricles, and
central canal of the spinal cord

74
Q

What is the order of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid plexus
Ventricles
Subarachnoid space
Dural venous sinuses

*some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord

75
Q

CSF flows to the subarachnoid space via the ___.

A

Median and lateral apertures

76
Q

It is when CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain.

A

Hydrocephalus

77
Q

This is possible in infants because ___.

A

The skull bones have
not yet fused.

78
Q

Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body.

A

Blood-brain barrier

79
Q

What are some substances that are excluded by the blood-brain barrier?

A

▪ Fats and fat-soluble molecules
▪ Respiratory gases
▪ Alcohol
▪ Nicotine
▪ Anesthesia
▪ Metabolic wastes
▪ Most drugs
▪ Nonessential amino acids
▪ Potassium ions

80
Q

What are some substances that can travel through the blood-brain barrier?

A

▪ Water
▪ Glucose
▪ Essential amino acids

81
Q

What are examples of traumatic brain injuries?

A

Concussion, contusion, and cerebral edema

82
Q

Slight brain injury with no permanent brain damage.

A

Concussion

83
Q

Nervous tissue destruction occurs; nervous tissue does not regenerate.

A

Contusion

84
Q

Swelling from the inflammatory response; may compress and kill brain tissue.

A

Cerebral edema

85
Q

Results from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain.

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke

86
Q

What are the possible results of a stroke?

A

Death, hemiplegia, aphasia

87
Q

Damage to speech center in left hemisphere results in ___.

A

Aphasia

88
Q

It is one-sided paralysis.

A

Hemiplegia

89
Q

Restriction of blood flow is also known as?

A

Ischemia

90
Q

Temporary brain ischemia is called___.

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

91
Q

It serves as a warning signs for more serious CVAs.

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

92
Q

It is a progressive degenerative brain disease.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

93
Q

True or False: Alzheimer’s only occurs in the elderly.

A

FALSE. It is mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age.

94
Q

What are the effects of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death

95
Q

What are some structural changes that occur in the brain due to Alzheimer’s?

A

Abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons

Anaphy Midterm (16 decks)

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