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Anaphy Midterm > Muscular System - Cellular Structure > Flashcards

Muscular System - Cellular Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle cells are also known as ___.

A

Muscle fibers

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2
Q

True or False: Muscle fibers are uninucleated.

A

FALSE. Muscle fibers are multinucleated (have many nuclei).

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3
Q

True or False: Muscle fibers tend to be smaller in larger muscles and larger in smaller muscles.

A

FALSE. Smaller muscles = smaller muscle fibers; larger muscles = larger muscle fibers.

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4
Q

Where do muscle fibers develop from?`

A

Myoblasts

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5
Q

These are converted to muscle fibers as contractile proteins accumulate within their cytoplasm.

A

Myofibrils

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6
Q

Muscle cells can range from ___ to ___ in length.

A

1mm - 4cm

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7
Q

True or False: Enlargement of muscles is an increase in muscle fiber size rather than number.

A

TRUE. Muscle fibers are amitotic (cannot undergo cell division), so they increase in size rather than dividing.

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8
Q

____ bands cause the light bands in skeletal muscle striations, while ____ bands cause the dark striations.

A

I bands; A bands

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9
Q

What are the 5 connective tissue coverings of muscle in order from innermost to outermost?

A

External lamina
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Fascia

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane of the muscle cell?

A

Sarcolemma

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11
Q

The sarcoplasm is the muscle cell equivalent of the organelle called the ___.

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

It is a loose connective tissue with reticular fibers that surrounds groups of myofibrils.

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

It is a denser connective tissue surrounding a group of muscle fibers.

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

A group of muscle fibers is also called a ____.

A

Fasciculus/fascicle

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15
Q

It is a connective tissue that surrounds a group of fascicles.

A

Epimysium

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16
Q

What do you call a group of many fascicles?

A

Muscle

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17
Q

This connective tissue sheath forms a layer under the skin.

A

Fascia`

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18
Q

It holds muscles together & separates them into functional groups.

A

Fascia

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19
Q

Aside from muscles, what other body parts does the fascia carry?

A

Nerves, blood vessels, & lymphatic organs

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20
Q

The fascia is continuous with connective tissues of ___ and ___.

A

Tendons; periosteum

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21
Q

What are the components of the muscle in order from innermost to outermost?

A

Myofilaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle

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22
Q

What are the two myofilaments?

A

Actin & myosin

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23
Q

Actin & myosin form highly ordered units called ___.

A

Sarcomeres

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24
Q

Sarcomeres are joined end to end to form ___.

A

Myofibrils

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25
Q

A ____ is composed of many myofibrils grouped together.

A

Muscle fiber

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26
Q

Groups of myofibrils are covered with an outer layer called the ___.

A

Sarcolemma

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27
Q

The ___ is found in between individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

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28
Q

Fascicles are covered by the ___.

A

Perimysium

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29
Q

A muscle is covered by the outermost layer called the___.

A

Epimysium

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30
Q

These nerve cells have axons that extend to skeletal muscle fiber fibers through nerves.

A

Motor neurons

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31
Q

Muscle fibers are surrounded by ___.

A

Capillary beds

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32
Q

___is known as the thin myofilament, while ___ is known as the thick myofilament.

A

Actin; myosin

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33
Q

Actin is ____ in size; while myosin is ___ in size.

A

8nm; 12nm

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34
Q

What theory explains the shortening of muscle during contraction?

A

Sliding Filament Theory

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35
Q

True or False: According to the sliding filament theory, actin and myosin myofilaments change in length during contraction.

A

FALSE. Actin & myosin do not change in length during contraction.

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36
Q

True or False: In the sliding filament theory, actin & myosin myofilaments slide past each other in a way that causes sarcomeres to lengthen.

A

FALSE. Sliding of actin & myosin causes sarcomeres to shorten.

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37
Q

In the sliding filament theory, the ___ & ___ become narrower during contraction, while the ___ remains consistent in length.

A

I & H zones; A band

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38
Q

Once a muscle fiber begins to contract, it will contract maximally (meaning the entire muscle will contract). This is known as the ____.

A

All or none principle.

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39
Q

True or False: In the sliding filament model, actin slides over myosin, while myosin does not move.

A

TRUE

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40
Q

What causes sarcomeres to lengthen during relaxation?

A

External force

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41
Q

What are some external forces that may cause the lengthening of sarcomeres?

A

Forces produced by other muscles, gravity

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42
Q

They are muscles that are primarily responsible for producing a particular movement, such as flexion.

A

Agonists

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43
Q

Agonists are also called ___.

A

Prime movers

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44
Q

Muscles that oppose the action of the agonist are called ___.

A

Antagonists

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45
Q

What types of muscles aid the action of agonists by reducing undesirable/unnecessary movement?

A

Synergists

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46
Q

A special type of synergist that immobilizes the origin of the agonist.

A

Fixator/fixation muscle

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47
Q

A muscle’s more movable attachment is called its ___.

A

Insertion

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48
Q

A muscle’s fixed/immovable attachment is called its ___.

A

Origin

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49
Q

The junction between a nerve fiber & a muscle fiber is called a ___.

A

Neuromuscular junction/Myoneural junction

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50
Q

During flexion of the elbow, ___ is the agonist, while ___ is the antagonist.

A

Biceps brachii; triceps brachii

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51
Q

During extension of the elbow, ___ is the agonist, while ___ is the antagonist.

A

Triceps brachii, biceps brachii

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52
Q

The nervous system controls muscle contractions via ___.

A

Action potential

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53
Q

Membrane voltage/electric charge difference across membranes.

A

Resting membrane potential

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54
Q

True or False: The inside of the muscle cell is more positive with more potassium, while the outside of the cell is more negative with more sodium.

A

FALSE. The inside is more negative, while the outside is more positive.

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55
Q

What must exist in order for action potential to occur?

A

resting membrane potential

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56
Q

What are two types of ion channels?

A

Ligand-gated & voltage-gated

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57
Q

They are molecules that bind to receptors.

A

Ligands

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58
Q

They are proteins/glycoproteins with a receptor site.

A

Receptors

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59
Q

What is the relationship between the shortening of a sarcomere and the contraction/shortening of a muscle?

A

Directly proportional

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60
Q

Resting membrane potential is maintain by ___.

A

Na/K Pump

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61
Q

Is a neurotransmitter an example of a ligand?

A

Yes

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62
Q

What are the building blocks of myofibrils?

A

Action & myosin

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63
Q

During flexion of the elbow, the biceps brachii ___, while the triceps brachii ___.

A

Contracts; relaxes

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64
Q

During extension of the elbow, the biceps brachii ___, while the triceps brachii ___.

A

Relaxes; contracts

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65
Q

True or False: Acetylcholine is an example of a neurotransmitter.

A

TRUE

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66
Q

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine into what components?

A

Acetic acid and choline

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67
Q

In the muscle cell, what attaches to the receptor in order to open the ligand-gated channels?

A

Acetylcholine

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68
Q

Acetylcholine is released into the muscle fiber by the use of what ion?

A

Calcium

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69
Q

This type of ion channel opens & closes in response to small voltage charges across plasma membrane.

A

Voltage-gated

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70
Q

True or False: Both ligand-gated and voltage-gated channels are specific for one type of ion.

A

TRUE

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71
Q

Action potential is also known as ___.

A

Impulse

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72
Q

What are the two phases of action potential?

A

Depolarization & repolarization

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73
Q

During this phase of action potential, the inside of the sarcolemma becomes less negative.

A

Depolarization

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74
Q

It is the return of resting membrane potential.

A

Repolarization

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75
Q

What restores the resting membrane potential?

A

Na/K pump

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76
Q

It is the spread from one location to another.

A

Propagate

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77
Q

True or False: During propagation, action potential moves along the membrane.

A

FALSE. Action potential does not move along the membrane; rather, there is new action potential at each successive location.

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78
Q

It is formed when an axon terminal rests on an invagination in the sarcolemma.

A

Synapse

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79
Q

What is the presynaptic terminal?

A

Axon terminal with synaptic vesicles

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80
Q

What is the postsynaptic terminal/membrane?

A

Sarcolemma or skeletal muscle.

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81
Q

The postsynaptic membrane is also known as ___?

A

Motor end-plate

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82
Q

What is the space between the axon terminal & the sarcolemma called?

A

Synaptic cleft

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83
Q

True or False: In a synapse, the axon terminal and sarcolemma attach to each other.

A

FALSE. They do not make contact with each other; there is a gap/space between them.

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84
Q

It separates muscle from another muscle

A

Fascia

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85
Q

What is the order of layers of tissue from skin to bone?

A

Skin
Subcutaneous Tissue
Fascia
Muscle
Peritoneum

86
Q

What are the two synaptic vesicles?

A

Neurotransmitter & acetylcholinesterase

87
Q

It is a substance released from a presynaptic membrane that diffuses across the synaptic cleft & stimulates/inhibits the production of an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Neurotransmitter

88
Q

It is a degrading enzyme in the synaptic cleft that prevents the accumulation of acetylcholine.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

89
Q

What are 4 inhibitors of muscle contraction?

A

Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
Presynaptic inhibition
Postsynaptic inhibition
Non-depolarizing blocking agents

90
Q

What prevents the synthesis/release of acetylcholine from the synaptic terminal?

A

Presynaptic inhibition

91
Q

What acts at the neuromuscular junction to prevent/reduce action potential production?

A

Neuromuscular-blocking drugs

92
Q

What prevents the production of action potential in the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Postsynaptic Inhibition

93
Q

They block the movement of ions through ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Non-depolarizing blocking agents

94
Q

How can non-depolarizing blocking agents block the process of muscle contraction?

A
  • Binding to Ach receptors in the Na+ channel (blocks Ach from binding to receptor)
  • Blocking Na+ channel (prevents Na+ movement into muscle fiber)
95
Q

What is an example of a presynaptic inhibitor?

A

Botulinum toxin (BOTOX)

96
Q

Improper dosage of BOTOX may lead to what rare condition?

A

Botulism

97
Q

What is an example of a non-depolarizing blocking agent?

A

Curare

98
Q

It is the contraction of a muscle as a result of one or more muscle fibers contracting.

A

Muscle twitch

99
Q

Muscle contraction is measures as___.

A

Force/tension

100
Q

How long does muscle contraction take to occur?

A

Up to 1 second

101
Q

What are the three phases of muscle contraction?

A

Lag/latent
Contraction
Relaxation

102
Q

It is the contraction of equal force in response to each action potential.

A

All-or-None Law

103
Q

What are the three levels of stimulus strength?

A
  • Sub-threshold/Submaximal Stimulus
  • Threshold/Maximal Stimulus
  • Supramaximal Stimulus
104
Q

In this stimulus, there is no action potential & no contraction.

A

Sub-threshold stimulus

105
Q

It is the smallest amount of stimulation/action potential needed in order to produce a contraction.

A

Threshold stimulus

106
Q

This stimulus strength has action potential and a contraction equal to that with threshold stimulus.

A

Supramaximal stimulus

107
Q

Comprised of a single motor neuron & all muscle fibers innervated by it.

A

Motor unit

108
Q

True or False: There must be relaxation of a muscle fiber before a second action potential can stimulate a second contraction.

A

FALSE. Relaxation is not required for stimulating succeeding contractions.

109
Q

What is the relationship between frequency or action potential & frequency of contractions?

A

Directly proportional (as frequency of action potential increases, frequency of contraction increases)

110
Q

Muscle fibers partially relax between contractions.

A

Incomplete tetanus

111
Q

No relaxation between contractions.

A

Complete tetanus

112
Q

Muscle tension increases as contraction frequencies increase.

A

Multiple-wave summation

113
Q

What are the three types of muscular contractions?

A

Isometric, isotonic, muscle tone

114
Q

In this type of muscle contraction, there is no change in length of muscle, but tension increases during contraction.

A

Isometric

115
Q

In this type of muscle contraction, there is change in length but tension is constant.

A

Isotonic

116
Q

What are the two types of isotonic muscle contractions?

A

Concentric & eccentric

117
Q

In this type of isotonic contraction, tension is so great that t overcomes opposing resistance and muscle shortens.

A

Concentric

118
Q

This type of isotonic contraction enables muscles to resist an increase in length.

A

Eccentric

119
Q

It is the constant tension by muscles for a long period of time.

A

Muscle tone

120
Q

Where can isometric contractions be seen?

A

Postural muscles of the body

121
Q

Muscles holding the spine erect while a person is sitting/standing is an example of what type of contraction?

A

Isometric

122
Q

What type of contraction is used when typing using a computer keyboard?

A

Isotonic

123
Q

The raising of a weight during a bicep curl utilizes what contraction?

A

Concentric

124
Q

When a person slowly lowers a heavy weight, what contraction is displayed?

A

Eccentric

125
Q

True or False: Asynchronous contractions of motor units produce smooth, steady muscle contractions.

A

TRUE

126
Q

It is the decreased capacity to work & the reduced efficiency of performance.

A

Fatigue

127
Q

What are the three types of fatigue?

A

Psychological, muscular, synaptic

128
Q

This type of fatigue depends on the emotional state of the individual.

A

Psychological fatigue

129
Q

This type of fatigue results from ATP depletion.

A

Muscular fatigue

130
Q

This fatigue occurs in the neuromuscular junction.

A

Synaptic

131
Q

How does synaptic fatigue occur?

A

Lack of acetylcholine

132
Q

A burst in activity of a tired athlete shows how ___ fatigue can be overcome.

A

Psychological

133
Q

Fatigue in the lower limbs of marathon runners or the upper & lower limbs of swimmers are examples of ____ fatigue.

A

Muscular

134
Q

This type of fatigue is rare and occurs only under extreme conditions.

A

Synaptic

135
Q

What provides immediate energy for muscle contractions?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

136
Q

ATP can be produced from what 3 sources?

A

Creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration

137
Q

It stores energy during resting conditions to synthesize ATP.

A

Creatine phosphate

138
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Creatine phosphate react to produce ___.

A

Creatine and adenosine triphosphate.

139
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between creatine phosphate and ADP?

A

Creatine Kinase

140
Q

This energy source occurs in absence of oxygen and results in breakdown of
glucose.

A

Anaerobic respiration

141
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration?

A

ATP and lactic acid

142
Q

This energy source requires oxygen and breaks down glucose.

A

Aerobic respiration

143
Q

What two energy sources break down glucose?

A

Anaerobic and aerobic respiration

144
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

ATP, carbon dioxide and water

145
Q

True or False: Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration.

A

TRUE

146
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibers in terms of speed of muscle twitch?

A

Slow-twitch oxidative and fast-twitch

147
Q

This type of muscle fiber contract more slowly, are smaller in diameter, better blood supply, have more mitochondria, are more fatigue-resistant, and have a large amount of myoglobin.

A

Slow-twitch oxidative

148
Q

Slow-twitch fibers are also called oxidative because they carry out what energy source?

A

Aerobic respiration

149
Q

A dark pigment which binds oxygen & acts as a muscle reservoir for oxygen when blood does not supply adequate amount.

A

Myoglobin

150
Q

This type of muscle fiber can respond rapidly to nervous stimulation, contain myosin that can break down ATP
more rapidly than that in Type I, has less blood supply, and fewer and smaller mitochondria.

A

Fast-twitch

151
Q

Fast-twitch fibers adapted to perform what energy source?

A

Anaerobic respiration

152
Q

Where can slow-twitch fibers be found?

A

Postural muscles, more in lower than upper limbs, dark meat of chicken.

153
Q

Where can fast-twitch fibers be found?

A

Lower limbs in sprinter, upper limbs of most people, white meat in chicken

154
Q

The functions of this type of fiber include maintenance of posture & performance in endurance activities.

A

Slow-twitch

155
Q

The functions of this type of fiber include rapid, intense movements of short duration.

A

Fast-twitch

156
Q

What are the effects of exercise on muscle fibers?

A

Change in size

157
Q

What are the two forms of fast twitch fibers?

A

Oxidative and glycolytic forms

158
Q

True or False: In exercise, weight lifting enlarges fast-twitch & aerobic training enlarges slow-twitch.

A

TRUE

159
Q

What is the distribution of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers?

A

Most muscles have both but varies for each muscle.

160
Q

What are the two types of change in muscle size in relation to exercise?

A

Hypertrophy and atrophy

161
Q

It is an increase in muscle size.

A

Hypertrophy

162
Q

Is is a decrease in muscle size.

A

Atrophy

163
Q

Besides size, what also increases during hypertrophy?

A

myofibrils, nuclei (due to fusion of satellite cells), strength

*reverse is true for atrophy

164
Q

True or False: Cells can die from atrophy.

A

TRUE. Only in severe situations.

165
Q

What are the effects of aging on skeletal muscles?

A
  • Reduced muscle mass
  • Increased time for muscle to contract in response to nervous stimuli
  • Reduced stamina
  • Increased recovery time
  • Loss of muscle fibers
166
Q

Attach muscles to bones.

A

Tendons

167
Q

A very broad tendon.

A

Aponeurosis

168
Q

Muscle end attached to more stationary of two bones.

A

Origin or head

169
Q

Muscle end attached to bone with greatest movement.

A

Insertion

170
Q

Largest portion of the muscle between origin and
insertion

A

Belly

171
Q

Muscles that work together to cause a movement

A

Synergists

172
Q

Plays major role in accomplishing movement.

A

Prime mover/agonist

173
Q

Muscle causing an action when contracts.

A

Prime mover/agonist`

174
Q

A muscle working in opposition to agonist.

A

Antagonist

175
Q

Stabilize joint/s crossed by the prime mover.

A

Fixators

176
Q

What are the four patterns of fibers in the muscle?

A

Circular, convergent, parallel, pennate

177
Q

Fibers arranged concentrically around an opening.

A

Circular muscle

178
Q

Triangular muscle with common attachment site.

A

Convergent

179
Q

Functions as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening.

A

Circular

180
Q

Direction of pull of muscle can be changed.

A

Convergent

181
Q

Does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle.

A

Convergent

182
Q

Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle.

A

Parallel

183
Q

Muscle body has one or more tendons.

A

Pennate

184
Q

Body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction.

A

Pennate

185
Q

Fascicles at oblique angle to tendon.

A

Pennate

186
Q

High endurance, not very strong

A

Parallel

187
Q

Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size.

A

Pennate

188
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

189
Q

What are some examples of circular muscles?

A

Orbits, mouth (obicularis oris), anus

190
Q

What is an example of a convergent muscle?

A

Pectoralis major

191
Q

What are some examples of parallel muscles?

A

Rectus abdominis or sartorius

192
Q

This type of muscle has fibers same side of tendon.

A

Unipennate

193
Q

This type of muscle has fibers on both side (interosseous).

A

Bipennate

194
Q

This type of muscle has tendon branches within the muscle.

A

Multipennate

195
Q

Give an example of a unipennate muscle.

A

Extensor digitorum

196
Q

Give an example of a bipennate muscle.

A

Rectus femoris

197
Q

Give an example of a multipennate muscle.

A

Deltoid

198
Q

Muscles are named according to ___.

A

– Location
– Size
– Shape
– Orientation of fasciculi
– Origin and insertion
– Number of heads
– Function

199
Q

Muscle contractions are a pull or force by relative positions of ___

A

Lever, fulcrum, and weight/resistance

200
Q

It is a shaft or bone.

A

Lever

201
Q

It is a pivot joint/joint.

A

Fulcrum

202
Q

How many classes of levers are there?

A

3 (Class I, Class II, Class III)

203
Q

In this class of lever, the fulcrum is between force and weight there is a seesaw or head movement.

A

Class I

204
Q

In this class of lever, the weight is between fulcrum and pull wheelbarrow, standing
on toes.

A

Class II

205
Q

In this class of levers, the pull located between the fulcrum and weight.

A

Class II

206
Q

What is the most common class of levers?

A

Class III

207
Q

A person using a shovel is an example of what class of levers?

A

Class III

208
Q

Standing on toes is an example of what class of levers?

A

Class II

209
Q

Muscle ache is known as ___.

A

Myalgia

210
Q

What are the two types of range of motion?

A

Passive and active

211
Q

Passive range of motion prevents___?

A

Contractures (shortening & hardening of muscles)

212
Q

Active range of motion prevents ___?

A

Atrophy

Anaphy Midterm (16 decks)

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