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Anaphy Midterm > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Second controlling system of the body

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

What system is the fast-control system?

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called ___ that are released into the blood.

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Hormones control which major processes?

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism

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5
Q

What hormones are used in reproduction?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

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6
Q

What hormone is used in growth and development?

A

Growth hormone

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7
Q

Hormones are produced by ___.

A

Specialized cells

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8
Q

Cells secrete hormones into ____.

A

Extracellular fluids

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9
Q

Blood transfers hormones to ___.

A

Target sites

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10
Q

The scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs.

A

Endocrinology

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11
Q

What are the four chemical classifications of hormones?

A

Amino-acid based
Steroids
Prostaglandins

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12
Q

Amino acid-based hormones include ___.

A

Proteins, peptides, and amines

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13
Q

Catecholamines (ex. dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) are examples of what chemical classification of hormones?

A

Amines

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14
Q

What hormones are commonly used to treat inflammation?

A

Steroids

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15
Q

What hormones are examples of steroids?

A

Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

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16
Q

These type of hormones are made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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17
Q

These are made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones.

A

Prostaglandins

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18
Q

These hormones serve as chemical mediators

A

Prostaglandins

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19
Q

Hormones act by what two mechanisms?

A

Direct gene activation and second messenger system

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20
Q

True or False: Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs.

A

TRUE. They are called target cells or target organs.

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21
Q

Target cells must have ___.

A

Specific protein receptors

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22
Q

What happens when cells are aroused by hormones?

A
  1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
  2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
  3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes
  4. Stimulation of mitosis
  5. Promotion of secretory activity
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23
Q

What is the order of direct gene activation?

A
  1. Steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
  2. Steroid hormones enter the nucleus
  3. Steroid hormones bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
  4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
  5. Certain genes are activated that result in…
  6. Synthesis of new proteins
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24
Q

Direct gene activation is also known as ___.

A

Steroid hormone action

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25
Q

What is the order of second-messenger system?

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a membrane receptor
  2. Activated receptor sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
  3. Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a second-messenger molecule (such as cyclic AMP, or cAMP)
  4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response in the target cell
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26
Q

Second-messenger system is also called ___.

A

Nonsteroid hormone action

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27
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by ___.

A

Negative feedback

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28
Q

What triggers the release of more hormones?

A

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood

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29
Q

How does hormone release stop?

A

Once an appropriate level in the blood is reached.

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30
Q

Stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into what three major categories?

A

Hormonal
Humoral
Neural

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31
Q

What is the most common stimulus?

A

Hormonal

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32
Q

It is when endocrine organs are activated by other hormones.

A

Hormonal stimuli

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33
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones travel to target glands (ex. thyroid gland) to prompt release of a particular hormone (ex. thyroid hormone). This is an example of what endocrine stimulus?

A

Hormonal stimuli

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34
Q

It is when changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release.

A

Humoral stimuli

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35
Q

It indicates various bodily fluids (ex. blood & bile)

A

Humoral

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36
Q

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels, and insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose. This is an example of what type of endocrine stimuli?

A

Humoral stimuli

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37
Q

True or False: Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release.

A

TRUE

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38
Q

Most are under the control of what subdivision of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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39
Q

The release of norepinephrine and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla is an example of what type of endocrine stimuli?

A

Neural stimuli

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40
Q

What are the major endocrine organs?

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries & testes)
Hypothalamus

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41
Q

They are ductless glands.

A

Endocrine glands

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42
Q

What glands are purely endocrine?

A

Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals

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43
Q

Where are hormones released?

A

Directly into blood or lymph

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44
Q

They are glands with both endocrine and exocrine functions.

A

Mixed glands

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45
Q

What are examples of mixed glands?

A

Pancreas and gonads

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46
Q

How large is the pituitary gland?

A

The size of a pea

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47
Q

The pituitary hangs by a stalk from what part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

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48
Q

What bone protects the pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoid bone

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49
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

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50
Q

The anterior pituitary is made of ___ tissue, while the posterior pituitary is made of ___ tissue.

A

Glandular; nervous

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51
Q

It is often called the “master endocrine gland”

A

Pituitary gland

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52
Q

What type of hormones are released by the hypothalamus?

A

Releasing & inhibiting hormones; oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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53
Q

What connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?

A

Portal circulation

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54
Q

Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone stored?

A

Posterior pituitary

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55
Q

What carries oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurosecretory cells

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56
Q

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding

A

Oxytocin

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57
Q

Causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in a breastfeeding woman

A

Oxytocin

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58
Q

Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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59
Q

Urine production is also known as ___.

A

Diuresis

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60
Q

True or False: In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction of arterioles, leading to increased blood pressure.

A

TRUE. This is why ADH is known as vasopressin.

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61
Q

What inhibits ADH secretion?

A

Alcohol

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62
Q

What results from ADH hyposecretion?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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63
Q

How many hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

Six

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64
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  5. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  6. Luteinizing hormone
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65
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is also known as ___.

A

Thyrotropic hormone

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66
Q

What hormones of the anterior pituitary affect nonendocrine targets?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
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67
Q

These hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.

A

Tropic hormones

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68
Q

What anterior pituitary hormones are tropic?

A
  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  4. Luteinizing hormone
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69
Q

What are the characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Protein (or peptides) structure
Act through second-messenger
systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli
Regulated mostly by negative
feedback

70
Q

It is the general metabolic hormone.

A

Growth hormone (GH)

71
Q

Major effects of GH are directed to ___.

A

Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

72
Q

Plays a role in determining final
body size

A

Growth hormone (GH)

73
Q

Causes amino acids to be built into proteins

A

Growth hormone (GH)

74
Q

Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

A

Growth hormone (GH)

75
Q

This disorder results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

76
Q

This disorder results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood.

A

Gigantism

77
Q

This disorder results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood.

A

Acromegaly

78
Q

This hormone stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth.

A

Prolactin (PRL)

79
Q

What is the function of prolactin in males?

A

It is unknown

80
Q

This hormone regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

81
Q

This hormone influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyrotropic hormone (TH), or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

82
Q

These hormones regulate hormonal activity of the gonads.

A

Gonadotropic hormones

83
Q

What are the gonadotropic hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

84
Q

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

85
Q

Triggers ovulation of an egg in females

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

86
Q

Stimulates sperm development in testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

87
Q

Stimulates testosterone production in males

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

88
Q

Where can the thyroid gland be found?

A

At the base of the throat

89
Q

Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

90
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A
  1. Thyroid hormone
  2. Calcitonin
91
Q

It is the major metabolic hormone.

A

Thyroid hormone

92
Q

Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy.

A

Thyroid hormone

93
Q

Needed for tissue growth and development

A

Thyroid hormone

94
Q

Thyroid hormone is composed of what two active iodine containing hormones?

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

95
Q

It is secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxine (T4)

96
Q

conversion of T4 at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

97
Q

This disorder is when thyroid gland enlarges because of lack of iodine.

A

Goiters

98
Q

What is iodized to prevent goiters?

A

Salt

99
Q

Caused by hyposecretion of
thyroxine, and results in dwarfism during childhood.

A

Cretinism

100
Q

Caused by hypothyroidism in adults, and results in physical and mental sluggishness

A

Myxedema

101
Q

Caused by hyperthyroidism, and results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos

A

Graves’ disease

102
Q

This hormone decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone.

A

Calcitonin

103
Q

Calcitonin is antagonistic to ____.

A

Parathyroid hormone

104
Q

Calcitonin is produced by ___.

A

Parafollicular cells found between the follicles

105
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid.

A

Parathyroid glands

106
Q

What do parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

107
Q

Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

108
Q

Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium levels)

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

109
Q

Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

110
Q

These glands sit on top of the kidneys.

A

Adrenal glands

111
Q

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

112
Q

Outer glandular region that has three layers

A

Adrenal cortex

113
Q

These are secreted by the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex.

A

Mineralocorticoids

114
Q

These are secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex.

A

Glucocorticoids

115
Q

These are secreted by the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex.

A

Sex hormones

116
Q

Regulate mineral content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions.

A

Mineralocorticoids

117
Q

Mineralocorticoids are mostly ___.

A

Aldosterone

118
Q

Regulate water and electrolyte balance.

A

Mineralocorticoids

119
Q

What is the target organ of mineralocorticoids?

A

Kidneys

120
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A

Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassium ions in the blood)
Hormonal stimulation (ACTH)
Renin and angiotensin II in response to a drop in blood pressure

121
Q

A hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

122
Q

What inhibits aldosterone production?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

123
Q

Promote normal cell metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)

124
Q

Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone)

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)

125
Q

Produced by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex and has anti-inflammatory properties.

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)

126
Q

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)

127
Q

Male sex hormones are also called ___.

A

Androgens

128
Q

Female sex hormones are also called ___.

A

Estrogens

129
Q

True or False: Mostly androgens are made in the adrenal cortex, but some
estrogens are also formed.

A

TRUE

130
Q

This disorder results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones.

A

Addison’s disease

131
Q

What are the effects of Addison’s disease?

A

Bronze skin tone, muscle weakness, burnout, susceptibility to infection

132
Q

This disorder may result from an ACTH-releasing tumor.

A

Hyperaldosteronism

133
Q

Excess water and sodium are retained, leading to high blood pressure and edema

A

Hyperaldosteronism

134
Q

This disorder results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex.

A

Cushing’s syndrome

135
Q

What are the effects of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

“Moon face,” “buffalo hump” on
the upper back, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakening of bones, depression

136
Q

This disorder results from hypersecretion of sex hormones.

A

Masculinization

137
Q

What are the effects of masculinization?

A

Beard and male distribution of hair growth

138
Q

What are the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

139
Q

How do epinephrine and norepinephrine prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (“fight or flight”)?

A

Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
Dilating small passageways of lungs

140
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

in the abdomen, close to the stomach

141
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreatic islets?

A

Insulin and glucagon

142
Q

True or False: Insulin and glucagon are antagonists that maintain blood calcium homeostasis.

A

FALSE. They maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

143
Q

Insulin is produced by ___ cells, while glucagon is produced by ___ cells.

A

beta; alpha

144
Q

Released when blood glucose levels are high

A

Insulin

145
Q

Released when blood glucose levels are low

A

Glucagon

146
Q

Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels.

A

Glucagon

147
Q

Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells.

A

Insulin

148
Q

What occurs in the absence of insulin?

A

Diabetes mellitus

149
Q

Blood sugar levels increase dramatically, and blood glucose is lost in the urine; water follows.

A

Diabetes mellitus

150
Q

What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia

151
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

posterior to the third ventricle of the brain

152
Q

What is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

153
Q

This hormone helps establish the body’s sleep/wake cycles as well as biological rhythms.

A

Melatonin

154
Q

True or False: Melatonin is believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans

A

TRUE

155
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

Posterior to the sternum

156
Q

True or False: The thymus gland is largest in adults.

A

FALSE. It is largest in infants and children.

157
Q

This hormone matures some types of white blood cells, and is important in developing the
immune system.

A

Thymosin

158
Q

Thymosin is produced by the ___.

A

Thymus gland

159
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Ovaries and testes

160
Q

Ovaries produce ___ cells, while testes produce ___ cells.

A

Egg; sperm

161
Q

Ovaries produce the hormones ___, while testes produce the hormone ___.

A

Estrogens and progesterone; androgens (ex. testosterone)

162
Q

These hormones stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics, and mature female reproductive organs.

A

Estrogens

163
Q

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle, helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus, and helps prepare breasts for lactation.

A

Progesterone

164
Q

With progesterone, estrogens also ___.

A

Promote breast development and regulate menstrual cycle

165
Q

What is the most important androgen?

A

Testosterone

166
Q

Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics, promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system, and is required for sperm cell production.

A

Testosterone

167
Q

What are other hormone-producing tissues and organs?

A

▪ Parts of the small intestine
▪ Parts of the stomach
▪ Kidneys
▪ Heart
▪ Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells

168
Q

Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy.

A

Placenta

169
Q

What hormones are produced by the placenta?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG) in addition to estrogen,
progesterone, and other hormones

170
Q

True or False: In the absence of disease, efficiency of the endocrine system remains high until middle age.

A

FALSE. It remains high until old age.

171
Q

True or False: Efficiency of all endocrine glands gradually increases with aging.

A

FALSE: Efficiency decreases with aging.

172
Q

Efficiency decrease of endocrine glands with age can lead to ___.

A

▪ Diabetes mellitus
▪ Immune system depression
▪ Lower metabolic rate
▪ Cancer rates in some areas

Anaphy Midterm (16 decks)

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