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Biology > Nervous System & Homeostasis (Rev4) > Flashcards

Nervous System & Homeostasis (Rev4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the tongue detect

A

Chemicals in food

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2
Q

What do the ears detect

A

Sound and position of head

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3
Q

What is the difference between the functions of the sensory and motor neurones?

A

Sensory neurones carry signals from the outer parts of your body into the main nervous system. Motor neurones carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts of your body.

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4
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining an optimum internal environment in the body

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5
Q

What two systems are involved in the coordination and control of the internal environment

A

1) the nervous system

2) hormonal/chemical messaging system

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6
Q

What are the four features of a good control system

A

Stimulus
Receptors
Coordination centre
Effectors

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7
Q

What is the sequence of the nervous system

A 
Stimulus 
Receptor 
Sensory neurone 
CNS 
Motor neurone 
Effector 
Response
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8
Q

What do the receptor cells do

A

They convert various stimuli into electrical impulses

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9
Q

What does the skin detect

A

Pressure and temperature

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10
Q

What does the nose detect

A

Chemical - smell

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11
Q

What is the difference between the structure of the sensory and motor neurones?

A

Sensory neurones carry signals from the outer parts of your body into the main nervous system. Motor neurones carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts of the body.

The cell body of the sensory neurone is in the middle whereas on the motor neurone it is at the end.

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12
Q

What do the eyes detect

A

Light waves

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13
Q

What does the tongue detect

A

Chemicals in food

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14
Q

What do the ears detect

A

Sound and position of head

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15
Q

What is the sequence of a reflex action

A 
Receptor 
Sensory neurone 
Relay neurone 
Motor neurone 
Effector
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16
Q

What are reflexes for

A

They help you to avoid danger or harm because they happen so fast. There are also lots of reflexes that take care of your basic body functions. These functions include breathing and moving food through your digestion system. They are automatic and rapid - they don’t involve the conscious part of your brain.

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17
Q

How do synapses work

A

Synapses are physical gaps between the neurones. Electrical impulses have to go over these synapse. So at the junction they form chemicals which move across to the other side (neurone) where the receptor picks it up and then carries on the impulse.

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18
Q

The endocrine system works alongside the _______

A

Coordination system

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19
Q

What do the endocrine system and the coordination system do?

A

They coordinate and control your body, reacting to changes in the internal and external environment (homeostasis).

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20
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands

21
Q

What do glands secrete?

A

Hormones

22
Q

What are hormones

A

They are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to its target organ, where it binds to receptors on the cell membranes to trigger and effect.

23
Q

What are all the glands in the body?

A 
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary 
Testis
24
Q

Pituitary gland

A

This gland produces a growth hormone which promotes mental and physical development in children.

As well as a growth hormone, this gland produces hormones to stimulate other glands.

25
Q

Adrenal gland

A

This gland produces adrenaline which prepares the body for action.

The effect are increase in heart rate, breathing and sweating, as well as the release of glucose from muscles and liver and, most visibly, a paling of the skin as blood is redirected to muscle.

26
Q

Ovary

A

This gland produces progesterone and oestrogen which control female sexual development.

The visible effects of these hormones are increased body hair, development of breasts and hips and the beginning of menstrual cycles.

27
Q

Testes

A

This gland secretes testosterone which controls male sexual development and sperm production.

The visible effects of testosterone include growth spurts, increased hair growth and the body becoming broader and more muscular.

28
Q

Pancreas

A

This gland secretes hormones which control glucose levels in the blood.

After eating, glucose levels tend to rise. This causes insulin to be released which causes excess glucose to be converted to glycogen for storage in the liver.

When blood sugar drops, insulin secretion is replaced by glucagon which converts glycogen back into glucose.

29
Q

Thyroid gland

A

This gland produces thyroxine which controls the metabolism, or rate of chemical processes within the body.

30
Q

What happens if your blood glucose goes too high?

A

1)Pancreas detects change => releases insulin
2)Cells take up more glucose
Cells respire more
Liver stores glucose as glycogen
3) Blood glucose falls to normal

31
Q

What happens if your blood glucose goes to low?

A

1)Pancreas detects change => releases glucagon
2)Liver turns glycogen back into glucose
Amino acids/fats broken down
3)Blood glucose rises back to normal

32
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

What is it and what are the effects?

A

If your pancreas does not make enough (or any) insulin, your blood glucose concentration is not controlled. This therefore leads to the need for replacement insulin before meals.

An effect can be that your kidney excretes glucose into your urine. You get very tired and thristy. You also lose weight.

33
Q

Type 1 Diabetes
Who causes it?
Who gets it?

A

It is caused by the pancreas not making enough insulin, which then leads to your blood glucose concentration not being controlled.

People who get it are people who consume lots of sugar on a regular bases, but mostly lots of elderly people who’s pancreas doesn’t function properly due to ageing.

34
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

How is it treated?

A

It is treated by the injection of insulin to help the situation. This allows glucose to be taken into your blood cells and converted into glycogen in the liver. This stops the concentration of glucose in your blood from getting too high.

35
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

What is it and what are the effects?

A

Type 2 diabetes your pancreas still makes insulin, although it may make less just like in type 1, however it type 2 most importantly, your body cells stop responding properly to the insulin you make.

The effects of type 2 diabetes are the same as type 1 diabetes. The only difference between them is that the originate from different places.

36
Q

Type 2 Diabetes
Who gets it?
What causes it?

A

It is caused by a lack of exercise. This is proven as lots of elder people get type 2 due to them not being able to do exercise.

Mostly elderly people due to lack of exercise.

37
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

How is it treated?

A

By doing exercise
Having a diet
Getting out more

38
Q

The Menstrual cycle day 1

A

The first day of menstrual bleeding is considered Day 1 of the cycle.

A girls period can last anywhere from 3 to 8 days, but 5 days is average.

Bleeding is usually heaviest on the first 2 days. This can go with cramps and feeling sick.

39
Q

The Menstrual cycle day 7

A

Once the bleeding stops, the uterine lining (also called the endometrium) begins to prepare for the possibility of a pregnancy.

The uterine lining becomes thicker and enriched in blood and nutrients.

40
Q

The Menstrual cycle day 14

A

Somewhere around day 14, an egg is released from one of the ovaries and begins its journey down the fallopian tubes to the uterus.

If sperm are present in the fallopian tube at this time, fertilization can occur.

In this case the fertilized egg will travel to the uterus and attempt to implant in the uterine wall.

41
Q

The Menstrual cycle day 21

A

If the egg was not fertilized or implantation does not occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to shed its lining, and the egg breaks down and is shed along with lining.

The cycle begins again on Day 1 menstrual bleeding.

42
Q

Name the hormone that causes the egg to mature

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

43
Q

Name the organ that causes the egg to mature

A

Ovaries

44
Q

Describe what causes the egg to be released

A

LH - leutinising hormone

Stimulates the egg to be released during ovulation

45
Q

Describe the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the wall of the uterus

A

They stimulate and control the build up and maintenance of the uterus lining

46
Q

Explain why it is important that these changes to the uterus occur

A

Because they protect and nourish the egg while it is travelling through the fallopian tubes. Once ovulation ends the uterus lining is released in the form of blood.

47
Q

FSH

1) Secreted by?
2) Role?

A

1) Pituitary gland

2) Matures egg and stimulates the production of oestrogen

48
Q

LH

1) Secreted by?
2) Role?

A

1) Pituitary gland

2) Stimulates release of egg

49
Q

Oestrogen

1) Secreted by?
2) Role?

A

1) Ovaries

2) Stimulates LH and inhibits FSH

Biology (14 decks)

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