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Biology > Cardiovascular System (Rev2) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Rev2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the blood plasma?

A

It is a yellow liquid

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2
Q

What does blood plasma do?

A

Transports all your blood cells and some other substances around your body.

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3
Q

What is in blood plasma?

A

The small, soluble products of digestion pass into the plasma from your small intestine and transported into individual cells.

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4
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They pick up oxygen from the air in your lungs and carry it to the cells where it is needed

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5
Q

What do red blood cells look like?

A

They are biconcave discs. Being concave (pushed in) on both sides, gives them an increased surface area to volume ration for diffusion.

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6
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell?

A

They are packed with red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen. They have no nucleus, making more space for haemoglobin.

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7
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They form part of the bodies self defence system against harmful microorganisms.

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8
Q

What do white blood cells look like?

A

They are much bigger than red blood cells and there are fewer of them

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9
Q

What is the structure of a white blood cell?

A

K

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10
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are small fragments of cells

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11
Q

What are platelets like?

A

They are helpful incases of wounds

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12
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They are very important in helping the blood to clot at the site of a wound. They are captured at a sight of a wound to form a jelly like clot that stops you bleeding to death. The clot dries into a scab.

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13
Q

What is the structure of a platelet?

A

They have no nucleus

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14
Q

3 blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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15
Q

Ranking of blood vessels with thicknesss

A

1) Arteries-THICK WALLS as pressure is very high(thick layer of muscle and fibres)
2) Veins-RELATIVELY THIN WALL as low pressure
3) Capillaries-ONE CELL THICK

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16
Q

The purpose and description of the three blood vessels

A

Arteries-stretch as the blood is forced through them, small lumen, carry blood away from heart
Veins-carry away blood from the organs and the heart, often have valves, large lumen
Capillaries-tiny vessels in narrow lumen, connect arteries and veins

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17
Q

Parts of the heart

A 
Vena cava (from body)
Right atrium
Right ventricle 
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Pulmonary vein (from lungs)
Pulmonary artery (to lungs)
Bicuspid valve and semilunar valves
18
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle wall?

A

Has to pump the oxygenated blood fully round the body and back to the heart

19
Q

The blood circulation in the body process

A

Right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - to lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - to body - (start over)

20
Q

Respiratory parts

A 
Trachea
Bronchus 
Bronchiole 
Air sac(alveoli) 
Ribs 
Lung
21
Q

Sequence of structures that the air passes through on its way into and out
of the lungs

A

Nose - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - nose

22
Q

The alveolus has some special features that enable gas exchange to occur more easily, what are they?

A

Large surface area
Moist surface
Thin walls
Capillary network

23
Q

Large surface area

A

Each alveolus is like a balloon. When you have many of them together it is like having a bunch of balloons rather than one big one, there is more surface area this way for gas exchange.

24
Q

Moist surface

A

If the surface of the alveolus is moist it makes it easier for the gases to diffuse and prevents the inner surfaces sticking together.

25
Q

Thin walls

A

Like capillaries, the walls of the alveolus are thin so that the diffusing gases can move in and out of the blood more quickly and easily.

26
Q

Capillary network

A

This ensures a good blood supply. The blood takes away oxygen that has diffused from the air inside the alveolus. This maintains the concentration gradient that is needed for further diffusion.

27
Q

Leaf structure in order

A

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll layer
Spongy mesophyll layer
Lower epidermis

28
Q

Upper epidermis

A

One cell thick
Covers the leaf like a skin
Is a waxy layer which protects the leaf against disease organisms such as parasitic fungi

29
Q

Palisade mesophyll layer

A

Have a cylindrical shape

Helps light to penetrate the leaf

30
Q

Spongy mesophyll layer

A

Consists of irregularly shaped cells with large air space between them
The cells have fewer chloroplasts than the palisade cells since the light intensity is less

31
Q

Lower epidermis

A

One cell thick
Contains pores called stomata (singular stoma)
Each stoma is made up of a pair of guard cells
Stomata allow gases and water vapour to diffuse in and out of the leaf

32
Q

Guard cells

A

2 guard cells make a stoma which open and close in response to changing conditions

33
Q

What cells are transpiration stream vessels made out of?

A

Xylem cells

34
Q

Xylem cells

A

Are transpiration stream vessels
Transport water through the plant
The direction they head is only up
Provide support to cells along the way keeping the plant rigid; from the roots and up to the top
Are dead cells which make firm and strong vessels
From the outside they have a brownish texture/colour due to the dead cells

35
Q

What cells ate translocation vessels made out of?

A

Phloem cells

36
Q

Phloem cells

A

Are translocation vessels
Transport glucose everywhere to the plant
The direction they are heading is EVERYWHERE around the plant because the leaves, stem and roots all need glucose
Are long tubes which are made up of living cells giving them this green looking affect

37
Q

The transpiration stream

A

Water transport in xylem vessels

38
Q

Translocation

A

Transport of glucose in phloem vessels

39
Q

What effects from the environment can affect transpiration

A

Light
Temperature
Humidity
Wind speed

40
Q

What effects of the environment increase the transpiration rate?

A

Light
Temperature
Wind speed

41
Q

What effects of the environment decrease the transpiration rate?

A

Humidity

Biology (14 decks)

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